Microsoft word - ejmc-cdri communication no 7008.doc

Rare dipeptide and urea derivatives from roots of Moringa
Oleifera as potential anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive
Koneni V. Sashidhara* , Jammikuntla N. Rosaiah a, Ethika Tyagi b , Rakesh Shukla b , Ram
Raghubir b, and Siron M. Rajendran c
aDivision of Medicinal and Process Chemistry, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226001, India bDivision of Pharmacology, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226001, India c Botany Department, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226001, India Abstract - In the course of our studies on the isolation of bioactive compounds from the roots of
Moringa Oleifera, a traditional herb in southeast Asia ,rare aurantiamide acetate 4 and 1,3-dibenzyl
Urea 5 has been isolated, and its structure determined by extensive 2D NMR. And also this is the first
report of isolation from this genus. Isolated compound inhibited the production of TNF-α, IL-2, further
compound 5 showed significant analgesic activities in dose dependant manner. These findings may
help in understanding the mechanism of action of this traditional plant leading to control activated mast
cells on inflammatory conditions like arthritis, for which the crude extract has been used.

Keywords: Aurantiamide acetate, 1,3-dibenzyl Urea, analgesic activity, TNF α, IL 2, IL 6.
.
CDRI communication No. 7008 (Part of this work was presented as poster in CTDDR Symposium-2007).
*Corresponding author E-mail: [email protected] (K V Sashidhara)
Fax: +91-0522-2623405. Tel: +91 0522 2612411-18, Ext. 4406.
Introduction

The design and development of new molecules potentially useful in the control of pain is a very important area
today. Over the last few years, the amount of information from studies on pain transmission by transient
receptor potential channel, Vanilloid subfamily member 1(TRPV1) binding ligands has dramatically increased,
thus revealing novel targets for the advent of new pain therapies. Moreover, a gigantic step came with the
identification of a protein called TRPV1, cloned in 1997, which is a ligand-gated nonselective cation channel
vanilloid receptor with high Ca2+ permeability [1]. TRPV1 is a molecular integrator of nociceptive stimuli
expressed predominantly on unmyelinated pain sensing nerve fibers (C-fibers) and small Aδ fibers in the dorsal
root, trigeminal, and nodose ganglia.TRPV1 is activated not only by Vanilloid ligands such as capsaicin 1,
noxious heat (> 420C) and protons (extra cellar PH<6) but also by endogenous mediators of inflammation such
as cannabinoid anandamide and arachidonic metabolites [2, 3]. Capsazepine 2, which has been extensively
characterized, was the first reported competitive VR1 antagonist. However its drawback is its modest potency
and poor metabolic and pharmacokinetic properties [4]. Recently the structure activity relationships of 1,3-
Diarylalkyl thioureas 3 possessing new vanilloid equivalents has been reported [5]. Accordingly, the idea that
TRPV1 functions as an integrator of multiple pain producing stimuli implied that TRPV1 antagonists should
have profound antinoceceptive effects, especially in inflammatory pain models.
Rheumatoid arthritis is one of the most typical rheumatic diseases, and is characterized by chronic inflammatory
changes that lead to cartilage destruction, joint deformity, and disability [6]. Pain of RA is more unbearable than
any other kinds of arthritis. Recently, mast cells are understood as a crucial factor to cause RA because RA
subjects have more synovial mast cells, and activated mast cells secret various inflammatory substances.
Although mast cells have been viewed primarily in the central role of immediate type hypersensitivity reactions,
the significant contribution of the mast cells in the pathogenesis of rheumatic arthritis recently has become more
evident [7]. Activated mast cells synthesize prostaglandins and leukotrienes, and release both performed and
newly synthesized cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-2. Thus infiltrated
mast cells and their mediators may contribute to the initiation and progression of the distributive inflammatory
process and matrix degradation of RA [8]. TNF α is an autocrine stimulator as well as a potent inducer of other
inflammatory cytokine, including IL-2, IL-6. TNF α, plays crucial roles in the pathogenesis of RA because it is
at the apex of inflammatory and destructive processes that operate in the joint. IL-6 is a pleiotropic
inflammatory cytokine produced by T cells, macrophages and synovial fibroblasts. IL-2 regulates both T cell
growth and death and is involved in maintaining peripheral tolerance [9].
For decades, natural products have been a wellspring of drugs and drug leads. Moringa Oleifera Lam. (syn.
Moringa Pterygosperma Gaertn.) (Moringaceae) commonly known as “sahjna” is a fast growing ornamental
tree, which is widely distributed in tropical areas [10]. Its medicinal value has long been recognized in the
indigenous system of medicine [11]. It is a small to medium sized tree with multiple uses, and its different parts
are reputed to be used in folk medicine for the treatment of a variety of human ailments such as rheumatism,
paralysis, epilepsy and ascites etc [12].
In recent decades, the extracts of leaves, seeds and roots of Moringa oleifera have been extensively studied for
many potential uses including wound healing [13],anti-tumour [14], anti-hepatotoxic [15], and analgesic
activity[16].
Moringa oleifera is incorporated in various marketed formulations, such as Rumalaya and Septilin (The
Himalaya Drug company, Bangalore, India), Orthoherb (Walter Bushnell Ltd.,Mumbai,India), Kupid Ford
(Pharma Products Pvt Ltd.,Thayavur, India) and Livospin (Herbals APS Pvt. Ltd, Patna, India.), which are
available for a variety of disorders.
Indian Materia Medica describes the use of roots of Moringa oleifera in the treatment of a number of ailments,
including asthma, gout, lumbago, rheumatism, enlarged spleen or liver, internal deep seated inflammations and
calculous affections [17, 18]. The root extracts of Moringa oleifera have been studied for diuretic and acute anti-
inflammatory activity [19].
Several phytochemical investigations on this plant on its leaves, pods have led to isolation of several carbamate,
thiocarbamate and isothiocyanate glycosides which were also the hypotensive principles [20, 21]. In view of the
fact that, there has been no systemic phytochemical work on the roots of this plant, in the present work the
alcoholic root extract was subjected to a systematic bioassay guided isolation procedure. During the course of
this investigation, in addition to other known compounds, we have isolated two major compounds, aurantiamide
acetate and 1,3-dibenzyl urea. This is the first report of isolation of these compounds from this genus,
Aurantiamide acetate is a rare dipeptide that has been reported previously from red alga [22], and also from
members of Piperaceae [23], Leguminosae [24], Renunculiaceae [25] and Aspergillus penicilloides [26]. The
occurrence of 1,3-dibenzyl Urea is also rare, the only other natural source of this compound being the roots of
Pentadiplandra brazzeana [27].
As these two compounds could be isolated with a yield of 0.2% and they have never been subjected to
systematic pharmacological evaluation, and also these were structurally similar to new TRPV1 antagonists it
was deemed an appropriate candidate for investigation for its analgesic and cytokine inhibitory activity. In the present study we carried out experiments to investigate the analgesic activity of isolates in hot plate model [28]. The results presented in Fig-2 show that compound 4 and 5 has significant analgesic effect in mice. There was a dose dependent increase in time of response (latency) to thermal stimulation in the mice. This effect started 15 min after treatment and persisted throughout the 120min duration of the experiment. However, Compound 5 seems to have more potent analgesic activity. Further both the compounds were subjected to Cytokine concentration using whole blood assay [29]. As depicted in the Fig-3a aurantiamide acetate is showing significant inhibition of TNFα and IL-2 but not on IL-6.Whereas 1,3-dibenzyl urea, is significantly inhibiting only IL-2 Fig-3b The antinoceceptive behavior of 1,3-dibenzyl urea, can be attributed to being structurally close analog of 1, 3-dibenzyl thioureas, which has emerged as one of the promising nonvanilloid TRPV1 antagonists possessing excellent therapeutic potential in pain regulation, and was shown to exhibit ca2+ uptake inhibition in rat DRG neuron with IC50 between 10 and 100 nM [31]. Further when compound aurantiamide acetate, on subcutaneously administration in adjuvant arthritic rat model suppressed hind paw swelling at 10mg/kg body
weight [26]. Since the isolated compounds significantly inhibited the inflammatory cytokines, it is proposed that
they will be promising lead for the treatment of metabolic cartilage disorders. Synthesis of appropriate
analogues may pave the way to develop a potent drug. Also the above results justify the traditional use of this
plant for the various forms of pain including rheumatoid arthritis.
Isolation of compounds
The roots of Moringa Oleifera were collected by the Botany department CDRI, and voucher specimen has been
maintained .The roots (10) were extracted with 8 L of ethyl alcohol four times in a percolator. The resultant
alcoholic extract was combined and concentrated under reduced pressure to give 200g of alcohol extract. This
was fractionated with hexane, chloroform and n-butanol successively. The resultant chloroform fraction (20g)
was subjected for conventional silica gel column chromatography and eluted with mixtures of increasing
polarity of hexane: ethyl acetate solvent system to give aurantiamide acetate and 1,3-dibenzyl Urea and were
characterized by using 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR ,2D NMR, IR and Mass Spectral data and comparing with literature
data [22, 27].
Hot plate test
The analgesic activity was measured by hot plate test of Eddy and Leimbach (1953). The basal reaction time of
each mouse to noxious heat (55±1oc) was determined twice 10 minutes apart before the graded doses of test
compounds were given intracerebrally in groups of 10 mice each. Reaction time was determined every ten
minutes after the drug administration till the basal reaction time was restored. The percentage of animals
showing analgesia at each dose level was calculated. An analgesic effect was considered to be present when the
reaction time was increased by more than 100%. Animals were habituated twice to the hot plate in advance 24 h
before the test (1 min), and again 20 min before test (1 min). For testing, mice were placed on hot plate
maintained at 55±1 0C. The time that elapsed until occurrence of either a hind paw licking or a jump off the
surface was recorded as the hot-plate latency. Mice with baseline latencies of <5 or >30 s were eliminated from
the study.
Whole-blood cytokine assays
Stimulation of cells and collection of supernatants for cytokine analysis
Blood was collected in 15-ml plastic syringes from heart of rat for TNF α, IL-2 and IL-6 and immediately mixed with sodium heparin at 20 U/ml in 50-ml plastic centrifuge tubes and further diluted 1/5 with sterile RPMI 1640 tissue culture medium containing 100 U/ml of penicillin/100 μg/ml streptomycin and 2 mM L-glutamine (Sigma). Diluted blood (800 μl/ well) was dispensed in 24-well tissue culture plates within 2 h of collection. Cultures were stimulated with 100 μl/well of mitogens (to give final concentration of LPS at 5 μg/ml) and inhibitors are added in each well in concentrations of 25μM/ml and 50 μM/ml. Pentoxifylline is used as standard synthesis inhibitor for the cytokines in the concentration of 5 mM/ml. Plates were incubated overnight at 37°C in 5% CO2. Supernatants were collected from the wells and stored as at −70 °C until assay. Cytokine analysis:
Cytokines TNF α, IL-2 and IL-6 were assayed using ELISA adapting the procedures recommended by the manufacturer (Duo Set, respectively, R&D Systems, UK). Briefly, captured antibodies for all cytokines were coated as recommended by the manufacturer in PBS pH 7.2–7.4. All standards and samples were run in duplicates. Anti-cytokine-biotinylated antibodies were used at 400 ng/ml for IL-2, 200-ng/ml for IL-6 and 100 ng/ml for TNFα. Streptavidin-Horseradish peroxidase conjugate with H2O2- (R&D, UK) substrate was used. Plates were read by BIO-TEK ELISA plate reader absorbance was transformed to cytokine concentrations
(pg/ml) using a standard curve.
Results and discussion
In conclusion, we have isolated an aurantiamide acetate (Compound 4) and 1, 3-dibenzyl Urea (Compound 5),
from roots of moringa oleifera . Aurantiamide acetate showed significant inhibition on TNFα and IL 2 but not
on IL 6. While 1, 3-dibenzyl Urea, showed significant analgesic activity in dose dependant manner and
significant inhibition on IL 2. These results indicate that these compounds may be responsible for the anti-
inflammatory/ antiartiritic and analgesic activity of Moringa oleifera root [23]. Earlier, the compound 4 was
reported for its antiarthritic activity and a selective cathepsin inhibitor [26] and since cathepsins are implicated
in matrix turnovers in mammals, conceptually hence potential therapeutics for the treatment of metabolic
cartilage disorders. The over-expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines has been implicated in a number of
autoimmune disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), psoriasis, systemic
lupus erythematosus (SLE), and organ graft rejection.
In conclusion, we have isolated aurantiamide acetate and 1, 3-dibenzyl Urea from roots of Moringa oleifera. The
above results indicate that these compounds may be responsible for the anti-inflammatory/ antiartiritic and
analgesic activity of Moringa oleifera root.
Since the isolated compounds significantly inhibited the inflammatory cytokines, it is proposed that they will be
promising lead for the treatment of metabolic cartilage disorders. Synthesis of appropriate analogues may pave
the way to develop a potent drug. Also the above results justify the traditional use of this plant for the various
forms of pain including rheumatoid arthritis. These findings may help in understanding the mechanism of action
of this traditional plant leading to control activated mast cells on inflammatory conditions like arthritis.
Acknowledgements
Authors are grateful to Dr. C.M. Gupta, Director, CDRI, Lucknow, India for constant encouragement. We also
thank the RSIC for spectral data, and S. P. Singh & H C Verma for technical support. J. N. Rosaiah is thankful
to UGC, New Delhi for financial support.
References and Notes

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Scheme 1 - Capsaicin, 1; Capsazepine, 2; Nonvanilloidal dibenzyl thioureas, 3;
Aurantiamide acetate, 4; 1,3-dibenzyl Urea, 5.
Figure 1: Shows dose dependent analgesic effect of Aurantiamide acetate (triangles) and Dibenzyl urea (Squares). Figure 2: Effect of 1, 3-dibenzyl urea on LPS induced cytokines Figure 3: Effect of Aurantiamide acetate on LPS induced cytokines a 50
esi 40
Doses (µg ic)
Figure 1: Shows dose dependent analgesic effect of Aurantiamide acetate (triangles) and Dibenzyl urea (Squares).

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