Traduction en anglais de dialogue

With the participation of
Consensus conference:
Pregnancy and Tobacco
7 & 8 October 2004
Lille (Grand Palais), France
RECOMMENDATIONS
(short version)
Foreword from Ann McNeill and Gay Sutherland We are delighted to be able to recommend this timely, authoritative, and extremely important work.
Levels of smoking in pregnancy remain worryingly high, particularly among younger and more
deprived women. Probably the single most important thing a pregnant smoker can do is to give up
smoking. As this evidence-based booklet outlines, not only does smoking adversely affect the
mother’s health, but also the health of the developing foetus and subsequently the health and
behaviour of the child after birth. In addition smoking in pregnancy may affect future generations
through the impact of smoking on genetic or reproductive systems in the foetus. This booklet also
emphasises the established dangers of pregnant women breathing in other people’s smoke.
It is now established that cigarette smoking is a recognisable drug dependence and that nicotine
delivered through cigarettes is highly addictive, to a degree similar to ‘hard’ drugs such as heroin or
cocaine. Many smokers are therefore aware of the health risks, although they tend to underestimate
them, but continue to smoke because they cannot stop. This is particularly so for pregnant women
who smoke, most of whom will be aware that they may be harming their developing baby. It is
therefore vital to be able to offer these women advice about stopping and sustained support should
they decide to make a quit attempt. This booklet outlines how women can be advised and supported
from before conception through to after delivery when unfortunately many women who manage to
stop smoking during pregnancy, relapse.
The booklet also makes an important step forward in suggesting that for those pregnant women
unable to stop either by themselves or with behavioural support, then NRT should be made
available to them. NRT is a much less harmful means of delivering nicotine to the body without the
4000 plus smoke constituents that are inhaled in cigarette smoke, at least 40 of which are
carcinogenic. Although there might be some potential risk to the developing foetus from nicotine
per se, the overall health impact will be much less negative than if the mother smokes. This
recommendation continues the enlightened approach that France has taken to nicotine regulation
over recent years, being more progressive than most other countries in allowing NRT use to assist
in temporary abstinence and for smoking reduction, as well as removing contraindications for the
use of NRT by smokers with cardiovascular disease. This approach recognises that NRT is a much
safer and slower method of delivering nicotine than smoking and gives smokers an informed choice
about safer ways of taking nicotine for those unable to give it up abruptly.
Given the well documented dangers of smoking during pregnancy, and the very slow progress in
reducing smoking prevalence in this population, there is still much research urgently needed in this
area and we hope that the further research recommended in this report will be implemented.

Ann
Sutherland
Department of Epidemiology and Public Health Honorary Consultant Clinical Psychologist South London & Maudsley NHS Trust Smoking Cessation Clinic Recommendations (short version) / Page 2 of 9 SPONSORS
Alliance contre le tabac (Alliance against tobacco) Association périnatalité prévention recherche information (Association for perinatal period, prevention, research, information) European Network for Smoke-free Hospitals Réseau Hôpital sans tabac (Smoke-free Hospitals Network) WITH THE PARTICIPATION OF
Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris (Public Welfare – Paris Hospitals) Association française des équipes de liaison et de soins en addictologie (French Association of addictology liaison and cure teams) Collège national des gynécologues et obstétriciens français (National Board of French Gynecologists and Obstetricians) Collège national des sages-femmes (National Board of Midwives) Comité national contre le tabagisme (National Committee against Smoking) Conseil national de l’ordre des médecins (National Board of the Society of Doctors) Conseil national de l’ordre des sages-femmes (National Board of the Society of Midwives) Fédération hospitalière de France (French Hospital Federation) Fédération nationale des collèges de gynécologie médicale (National Federation of Medical Gynecology Colleges) Fédération nationale des pédiatres néonatologistes (National Federation of Neonatologists) Groupe d’études grossesse addictions (Study Group "Pregnancy – Addiction") Institut national pour la prévention et l’éducation en santé (National Institute for Health Prevention and Education) Ligue nationale contre le cancer (National League against Cancer) Office français de prévention du tabagisme (French Bureau for Smoking Prevention) Société française de biologie clinique (French Society of Clinical Biology) Société française de pédiatrie (French Society of Pediatrics) Société française de toxicologie analytique (French Society of Analytical Toxicology) Société de pneumologie de langue française (French-speaking Pneumology Society) Société de tabacologie (Society of Tobaccology) WITH THE SUPPORT OF
Académie nationale de médecine (National Academy of Medicine) Association des utilisateurs de dossiers informatisés en pédiatrie obstétrique et gynécologie (Association of Users of Electronic Medical Records in Obstetrical Pediatrics and Gynecology) Association nationale des intervenants en toxicomanie (National Association of Drug Abuse Caregivers) Centre interservices de santé et de médecine du travail en entreprise (Multidisciplinary Centre of Occupational Health and Medicine) Collège national des généralistes enseignants (National College of Teaching General Practitioners) Conseil national de l’ordre des pharmaciens (National Board of the Society of Pharmacists) Conseil national des chirurgiens-dentistes (National College of Dental Surgeons) Droits des non-fumeurs (Non-smokers' Rights) Espace de concertation et de liaison addictions tabagisme (Concertation & Liaison Area for Addictions & Smoking) Fédération française d’addictologie (French Federation of Addictology) Institut Rhône-Alpes de tabacologie (Tobaccology Institute of Rhône-Alpes) Mission interministérielle de lutte contre les drogues et les toxicomanies (Interministerial Group for the Control of Drugs and Drug Abuse) Société de toxicologie clinique (Society of Clinical Toxicology) Société française d’alcoologie (French Society of Alcohology) Société française d’anesthésie et de réanimation (French Society of Anesthesia and Resuscitation) Société française de cancérologie privée (French Society of Private Cancerology) Société française de gynécologie (French Society of Gynecology) Société française de médecine périnatale (French Society of Perinatal Medicine) Société française de santé publique (French Society of Public Health) Society for research on nicotine and tobacco Tabac & liberté (Tobacco & Freedom) Recommendations (short version) / Page 3 of 9 ORGANISING COMMITTEE
M. DELCROIX, President: gynecologist-obstetrician, Bailleul P. ARWIDSON: public health doctor, Inpes, Saint-Denis I. BERLIN: pharmacologist-tobacco specialist, Paris D. BOUSSIRON: psychiatrist, Clermont-Ferrand B. CARBONNE: gynecologist-obstetrician, Paris JM. COLSON: National Board of the Society of Doctors, Paris N. DEQUIDT: gynecologist-obstetrician, director of PMI 57, Metz P. DOSQUET: Anaes methodology, Saint-Denis La Plaine M. GALLIOT-GUILLEY: biologist-toxicologist, Paris C. GEFFRIER D’ACREMONT: Anaes methodology, Saint-Denis La Plaine J. GIRONA: National Board of the Society of Midwives, Paris C. GOMEZ: tobacco-specialist midwife, Arras D. MARTIN: public health doctor, DGS, Paris H. MISSEY-KOLB: medical gynecologist, Poissy C. PAINDAVOINE: Anaes methodology, Saint-Denis La Plaine AM. SCHOELCHER: supervising nurse, project leader, AP-HP, Paris MF. WITTMANN: supervising nurse, technical advisor, FHF, Paris N. DEQUIDT, Chairwoman: gynecologist-obstetrician, director of PMI 57, Metz C. DOGNIN: gynecologist-obstetrician, Douai E. DUPONT-ZACOT: public health doctor, Saint-Denis C. LIBERGE: nurse, project leader for public health, Le Havre G. MATHERN: pneumologist-tobacco specialist, Saint-Chamond F. RAPHAËL: general practitioner, Behren-lès-Forbach M. ADLER: general practitioner, tobacco specialist, Clamart A. BEUGNIEZ: medical gynecologist, occupational doctor, Lille C. BLUM-BOISGARD: national medical officer, Canam, Saint-Denis J. BOCCARA: gynecologist-obstetrician, Paris M. COLLET: gynecologist-obstetrician, Brest M. CONTAL: tobacco-specialist pediatrician, Nîmes Recommendations (short version) / Page 4 of 9 E. DAUTZENBERG: tobacco-specialist midwife, Versailles MD. DAUTZENBERG: hematologist, tobacco specialist, Paris É. DELCOURT-DEBRUYNE: parodontologist, Lille J. DE MOUZON: epidemiologist, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre S. DEPRET-MOSSER: gynecologist-obstetrician, Lille M. DESURMONT, pediatrician, medical examiner, Lille J. DIETSCH: gynecologist-obstetrician, co-ordinator of the perinatal network of Lorraine, Briey G. ERRARD-LALANDE: tobacco-specialist doctor, Tours B. FONTAINE: gynecologist-obstetrician, Angoulême D. GARELIK: tobacco-specialist internist, Paris C. GOMEZ: tobacco-specialist midwife, Arras H. GOURLAIN: biologist-toxicologist, Paris G. GRANGÉ: gynecologist-obstetrician, Paris P. GUICHENEZ: pneumologist-tobacco specialist, Béziers A. HALIMI: tobacco-specialist doctor, Tours G. KAYEM: gynecologist-obstetrician, Créteil J. LE HOUEZEC: consultant in Public Health, tobacco dependence, Rennes P. LEMARIÉ: gynecologist-obstetrician, Metz F. LETOURMY: tobacco-specialist doctor, Toulouse L. MARPEAU: gynecologist-obstetrician, Rouen P. NGUYEN: alcohologist, tobacco specialist, Roanne M. PALOT: anesthesiologist-resuscitator, Reims C. PELLE: tobacco-specialist midwife, Grenoble J. PERRIOT: pneumologist, Clermont-Ferrand C. SCHEPENS: medical examiner, public health doctor, Clermont-Ferrand É. G. SLEDZIEWSKI: philosopher and political scientist, Strasbourg A. STOEBNER: tobacco-specialist doctor, Montpellier BIBLIOGRAPHY GROUP
A. DIGUET: gynecologist-obstetrician, Rouen P. HABIB: gynecologist-obstetrician, Arras AL. LE FAOU: public health doctor, tobacco specialist, Paris J. NIZARD: gynecologist-obstetrician, Poissy The organisation of this conference was made possible by the financial support of the following: Caisse nationale de l’assurance maladie des professionnels indépendants (State Insurance Fund for Free-lance Professionals), Conseil régional du Nord-Pas-de-Calais (Nord-Pas-de-Calais Regional Council), Direction générale de la santé (Health Protection Branch), Ligue nationale contre le cancer (National League against Cancer), Mutuelle nationale des hospitaliers (National Mutual Insurance Company of Hospital Staff), Aventis, EOLYS, FIM, GlaxoSmithKline, Novartis Santé Familiale, Pfizer, Pierre Fabre Santé, Roche Nicholas. Recommendations (short version) / Page 5 of 9 QUESTIONS ASKED
What are the epidemiological data regarding maternal and paternal smoking? What are the consequences of smoking on pregnancy and delivery? How should we take care of female smokers? What are the short-, medium- and long-term consequences of smoking during pregnancy? How do we treat in utero tobacco exposure during the perinatal period? What public health measures should we propose or validate in order to reduce female smoking? INTRODUCTION
This conference was organised and directed in compliance with the methodological rules recommended by Anaes (Agence nationale d’accréditation et d’évaluation en santé – National Agency of Health Accreditation and Assessment). The conclusions and recommendations summarised in this document have been drafted by the Jury of the conference, in total independence. Anaes takes no responsibility whatsoever for their content. It is estimated that 37 % of women smoke before their pregnancy, and that 19.5 % of pregnant women continue to smoke during all or part of this pregnancy. Passive smoking by pregnant women is not well quantified but remains frequent. Smoking, as with all addictive behaviours, is an indicator of a multifarious (physical and/or psychological and/or social) suffering. It is a proven risk factor in female and/or male fertility disorders. Maternal smoking during pregnancy increases the risk of occurrence of: pregnancy accidents such as abruptio placentae and placenta praevia, a higher overall consumption of healthcare during early childhood. In addition to active smoking, passive smoking is also dangerous. Pregnant women can be
exposed to others’ smoke in their personal environment (particularly if their partner smokes) as
well as in their professional environment, and this exposure can occur before, during and after the
pregnancy.

1. METHODS USED TO CARE FOR FEMALE SMOKING BEFORE,
DURING AND IMMEDIATELY AFTER PREGNANCY
Cessation of tobacco use should preferably occur before conception, or as early as possible during pregnancy. But cessation remains useful at any time during the pregnancy, and even after delivery. Recommendations (short version) / Page 6 of 9 Total cessation is recommended, since merely decreasing the number of cigarettes the woman smokes is not sufficient to prevent the occurrence of maternal, foetal or neonatal complications during pregnancy or after delivery. These objectives must be added to the general caring attitude towards the smoking woman, an attitude of respect for her as a person which must never make her feel guilty about her smoking. Health professionals must be trained to assist women in smoking cessation, more particularly during pregnancy and after delivery. 1.1. Before pregnancy
The best way to prevent smoking during pregnancy is to prevent women from starting to smoke. Priority must be given to awareness-raising actions during pre-adolescence and, most of all, adolescence within the school, extracurricular and family environments by relying on the support of all associative networks and on national health education bodies. The methodology shall take the form of a partnership with youth in order to better involve them. To help teenagers, it is important to change the image of the female smoker by increasing the standing of the non-smoking woman's image. Information campaigns must be designed so as to counterbalance the manipulation of youth by the tobacco industry, making use of all media and most specifically of those intended for young girls. All medical appointments with teenagers must be used as opportunities to talk about their smoking status and to emphasize the harmful effects of smoking. 1.2. During pregnancy
The occupational health doctors must commit themselves to enforcing the law which imposes withdrawing a non-smoking pregnant woman from passive smoking exposure by offering her an adjustment or change of her work position, or even, if this is not feasible, a work interruption. They must offer pregnant women who smoke some kind of assistance in smoking cessation. Since the Public health law of 9 August 2004, cases may be referred to the labour inspectors who have the right to intervene. The document specifically intended for the occupational health doctor inside the maternity booklet must be completed. All maternity homes or departments shall be strictly non-smoking environments. A prenatal interview with a health professional, for instance a midwife, must be extended to all women during the first quarter of pregnancy. This exhaustive interview shall cover the daily environment of the pregnant woman, ask about all risk factors during pregnancy and more particularly about addictive behaviors and the problems they cause during pregnancy, and propose a practical solution to assist in smoking cessation, tailored to each case. A specific payment must be defined for such interviews. The fact that a pregnant woman smokes (actively or passively) must be mentioned in the maternity booklet. The degree of tobacco exposure shall be assessed by measuring the carbon monoxide (CO) content of the air expired by the person. The CO analyser is an easy-to-use tool during any pre- or post-natal interview. It may promote the health professional's and the pregnant woman's desire to achieve smoking cessation and reinforce their motivation during the actual smoking cessation period. The psychological and behavioural approaches have a primary role to play at the various stages of the care given to a smoking pregnant woman. If the pregnant woman is not able to stop within a short time, by herself or with the help of psychological and behavioral assistance, this indicates more severe tobacco addiction. In this case, the use of nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) may facilitate the pregnant woman's smoking cessation attempt. An NRT may be prescribed at any point during the care of a pregnant woman who smokes. Recommendations (short version) / Page 7 of 9 Bupropion is currently not recommended as an aid to smoking cessation for pregnant women.
1.3. Upon delivery
During the perinatal care period, it is important, beyond the well-documented therapeutics of maternal and neonatal complications related to smoking, to identify those women who continued to smoke up to the delivery and after it, but without making them feel guilty. When a woman who has continued to smoke during pregnancy arrives at the maternity home or department, a measurement of her CO may enable the healthcare professionals looking after her at this time to be vigilant regarding the early diagnosis, prevention or treatment of maternal and/or neonatal complications. 1.4. After delivery
The healthcare professionals looking after the pregnant woman at the time of the birth must be confident of their role in: promoting breastfeeding in all cases, even for mothers who smoke or use NRT; convincing these mothers of their mothering capabilities; informing about the aids to smoking cessation for the mother, but also for the father, if he triggering after the delivery a smoking cessation attempt for the young mother, but also for the father, in order to avoid exposing the new-born baby to passive smoking. The psychological and behavioural approaches have a primary role to play after the delivery to help the mother, and also the father, to stop smoking. NRT may be prescribed during the postpartum and the breastfeeding period. Bupropion is currently not recommended as an aid to smoking cessation for breastfeeding women. Special attention must be paid to young mothers who have stopped smoking just before or during pregnancy. They must be specifically assisted in order to avoid resumption of smoking after the delivery. The child's environment must be free from any tobacco smoke pollution, both at home and in all the places (s)he frequents. In addition to the other recommendations regarding the prevention of sudden infant death, it is all
the more necessary to forbid parents from sharing their bed with their child since the risk is
increased if the mother and/or the father smoke(s).

2. PROPOSALS FOR FURTHER STUDIES
Additional studies are required regarding 'Smoking and Pregnancy'. More particularly, it is recommended to carry out : a national survey in order to assess, by means of a biological marker, the importance of active and passive smoking in France for pregnant women and their environment; local surveys which could be used as indicators to adapt the answers to a specific additional research on smoking markers in order to individually tailor NRTs for pregnant specific research on smoking cessation aids for teenagers, in particular when smoking is related to the other addictive behaviours; studies on the impact of NRTs on the foetus. The creation of a register common to all practitioners using smoking cessation medicines with pregnant women could enable the sharing of data during and after the pregnancy ; studies investigating the medium- and long-term risks for adolescents who have suffered from in utero tobacco exposure due to maternal smoking (e.g. cancers, Recommendations (short version) / Page 8 of 9 congenital malformations, obesity, syndrome X, psychomotor development, behavioural disorders, tobacco dependence or other addictions) ; a national register of foetal malformations which would include information regarding Finally, given the lack of data, the absence of co-ordination of the various actions and the
scattering of means, it would be desirable to establish a National Office on Pregnancy and Birth.

3. RECOMMENDATIONS REGARDING PUBLIC HEALTH MEASURES
3.1. General prevention measures
The smoking status of a person should be recorded in his or her medical record. It is necessary to mention the baby's exposure to family smoking in the 8th day certificate and in the 2 other compulsory certificates (9th and 24th months). The fight against passive smoking exposure for pregnant women and children must be the subject of information campaigns. More specifically, it is necessary to regularly carry out information campaigns on the role of smoking in the occurrence of sudden infant deaths. Consideration should be given to the appropriateness of adding to the smoking signs provided for by the Evin law, in premises open to the general public, and in particular the restaurants, bars and pubs, a special warning such as: 'Smoking area not recommended for pregnant women and young children". The sale of herbal cigarettes must be banned since their combustion supplies a high quantity of
CO.
3.2. Measures to support pregnant women who smoke
It is necessary to provide the smoking pregnant woman and her partner with a local solution, by establishing multidisciplinary consultation centres for smoking cessation, if possible within maternity homes or departments. These centres shall give the smokers the possibility of speaking to, at the very least, a smoking cessation specialist, a dietician and a psychologist. Access to these centres shall be free of charge. It is recommended that pregnant women who smoke should not have to pay for NRT.
3.3. Measures regarding health professionals
Health professionals must be aware of the example they give regarding smoking. It is necessary to include a smoking cessation module in both the initial and the vocational training of all health and education professionals who are likely to come in contact with pregnant women and their children. Child minders must be informed of the possible detrimental effects of active and passive smoking on the children they are caring for. Their smoking status must be taken into account when assessing their accreditation. The full version of the recommendations may be obtained upon written request Anaes (Agence nationale d’accréditation et d’évaluation en santé) 2, avenue du Stade de France – 93218 Saint-Denis La Plaine cedex or on the Web site of Anaes: www.anaes.fr - Item 'Publications' Recommendations (short version) / Page 9 of 9

Source: http://treattobacco.co.uk/ar/uploads/documents/Treatment%20Guidelines/France%20treatment%20guidelines%20-%20pregnancy%20in%20English%202004.pdf