4th Board of Studies DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY 24th May ANNEXURE-C Scheme of Studies for 4-Year BS (Hons) Program and B.Sc 2 years Colleges program CURRICULUM FOR 4-Year BS (Hons) Program
The students who have passed F.Sc. /A-level examinations with chemistry shall be eligible for BS chemistry program. A student may choose chemistry as a major subject along with two other subjects out of different possible combinations as given below. These may be offered at the colleges / university campuses:
Note: Suggestions for Annual System The institutions continuing with the existing annual examination system may have the provision that two semester courses e.g. of semesters I, II and III & IV, be merged to constitute the course for one academic year. Thus the students shall appear in five papers in the annual examination of each of the academic year of the BS Program. 4th Board of Studies DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY 24th May SCHEME OF STUDIES
A student choosing a combination of major subjects, for example, chemistry - Physics - Mathematics shall have the following scheme of studies:
1st Year Semester-I Credits Semester-II Credits Chemistry (Physical) 3+1* Chemistry (Inorganic) 3+1* 2nd Year Semester-III Credits Semester-IV Credits
Chemistry (Organic) 3+1* Chemistry (Special Topics) 3+1* Total Credits: 14+16+14+16 = 60 Note: At college or university level, a student may discontinue the studies at this stage to becomes eligible for a B.Sc. (Pass) degree. Those who continue their studies (for BS program) shall read the following courses:
3rd Year Semester-V Credits Semester-VI Credits
Inorganic Chemistry 3+1* Inorganic Chemistry 3+1* Organic Chemistry 3+1 Organic Chemistry 3+1 Physical Chemistry 3+1 Physical Chemistry 3+1 Analytical/Environmental Applied/Bio-Chemistry 3+1 Chemistry 3+1 Mathematics for Chemists 2
* 3+1 means 3 theory lectures and 1 practical (3 hours) per week. 4th Board of Studies DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY 24th May Specialization Semester-VII Credits Semester-VIII Credits Paper-I 4 Paper-IV 4 Paper-II 4 Paper-V 4 Paper-III 4 Paper-VI 4 Practicals 4 Advanced Practicals/ Total 16 Cr Research 4 Total 16 Cr
Total: 128 Credit Hours Students should be encouraged to complete 4-6 weeks of non-credit internship at industries during the last year of BS program. A successful completion of the internship shall be mentioned in the transcript. DETAIL OF COURSES BS: 1st Year Semester-I Physical Chemistry (3 + 1) Physical States of Matter Ideal and real gases, equations of state, critical phenomenon and critical constants. Molecules in motion: collision diameter and mean free path. Physical properties of liquids: surface tension, viscosity, refractive index etc. and their applications. Brief account of interactions among the molecules in liquids. Packing of atoms. Unit cells and crystal systems. Methods of crystal structure analysis. Brief account of polymers and composite materials with special emphasis on superconductors, semi-conductors etc. Introduction to plasma. Chemical Thermodynamics Laws of thermodynamics and their applications. Thermodynamic functions: internal energy, enthalpy, entropy and free energy. Relations between thermodynamic functions. van’t Hoff’s equation. Heat capacities, concept of entropy and probability. Chemical Kinetics Rate of reaction. Rate law, order and molecularity of the reactions. Zero, first and second order reactions. Determination of reaction order and its rate constant. Effect of temperature on the reaction rate. Concepts of chemical equilibrium. Law of mass action, equilibrium constant, Le-Chatelier principle and its applications. Elementary concepts underlying complex and fast reactions. Theories of elementary reactions: collision theory, transition state theory. Solution Chemistry Ideal and non-ideal solutions. Raoult’s law and its applications. Molecular interactions in solutions. Colligative properties. Distillation and concept of azeotropic mixture. Phase rule and its applications. 4th Board of Studies DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY 24th May
Surface Chemistry Concept of interfaces. Adsorption and adsorption isotherms: Freundlich and
Langmuir adsorption isotherms. Catalysis, colloids, emulsion and their industrial
Physical Chemistry Practicals
Determination of viscosity and paraochor values of liquids.
Determination of percent composition of liquid solutions viscometrically.
Determination of refractive index and molar refractivity.
Determination of percent composition of liquid solutions by refractive index
Determination of molecular weight of a compound by elevation of boiling point
Determination of molecular weight of a compound by lowering of freezing point
Determination of heat of solution by solubility method.
Determination of heat of neutralization of an acid with a base.
Kinetic study of acid catalyzed hydrolysis of ethyl acetate.
Determination of partition coefficient of a substance in two immiscible liquids.
Books Recommended
Theory 1. Alberty, R. “Physical Chemistry” 17th Ed., John Wiley and Sons (1987). 2. Atkins P.W. “Physical Chemistry” 6th edition, W. H. Freeman and co. New York (1998). 3. Laidler, K. J., “The World of Physical Chemistry” 1st Ed., Oxford University Press, pp. 488 (1993). 4. Laidler, K.J., John H. M. and Bryan C. S., “Physical Chemistry” 4th Ed., Houghton Mifflin Publishing Company Inc. (2003 ). 5. Peter, P.A., “Chemical Thermodynamics”, Oxford University Press (1983). 6. Brain, S. E., “Basic Chemical Thermodynamics” 4th Ed., E. L. B. S. Publishers (1990). 7. Barrow, M.G., “Physical Chemistry” 5th Ed., Mc Graw Hill (1992). Practicals
1. Jaffar, M., “Experimental Physical Chemistry” University Grants Commission (1989). 2. Levitt B.P., “Findlay's Practical Physical Chemistry”, 9th Ed., Longman Group Limited. 3. Shoemaker, D., “Experiments in Physical Chemistry” 5th Ed., McGraw Hill 4th Board of Studies DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY 24th May
Publishing Company 4. Limited (1989). Semester-II
Inorganic Chemistry (3 + 1) The Periodic Law and Periodicity Development of periodic table; Classification of elements based on s, p, d, and f orbitals, group trends and periodic properties in s, p, d and f block elements i.e., atomic radii, ionic radii, ionization potentials. Electron affinities, electronegativities and redox potential. Chemical Bonding in Main Block Elements Nature and types of chemical bonding, Lewis concepts, ionic, covalent, coordinate covalent bond; Valence Bond Theory (VBT), Molecular Orbital Theory (MOT). Interpretation of shapes of inorganic molecules on the basis of valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory and hybridization. Acid and Bases Concepts of acids and bases including soft and hard acid base concepts. Relative strengths of acids and bases, significance of pH, pKa, pKb and buffers solutions. Theories of indicators: (acid base, redox, adsorption). Solubility, solubility product, common ion effect and their industrial applications Chemistry of the p-block Elements General characteristics of the following group of p-block elements with reference to the aspects given against each: Boron and Aluminum Group anomalies: Boron and aluminium hydrides: Structures, properties and industrial applications. Carbon and Silicon Group anomalies. Allotropic forms of carbon, fullerenes and their applications. Production of pure silicon for solar energy and silicon chips, silicates and silicones and industrial applications. Nitrogen and Phosphorus Group anomalies. Preparation, structures, properties and the environmental role of oxides of nitrogen. Industrial preparation of nitric acid, urea and superphosphate fertilizers. Causes of fog and smog. Oxygen and Sulfur Group anomalies. Preparation, structures, properties and environmental role of oxides and oxyacids of sulphur, manufacturing of sulphuric acid and its reactions. Thionic acids and use of 'hypo' in industry. The Halogens
Anomalous behaviour of fluorine. Industrial preparation of chlorine. Preparation,
4th Board of Studies DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY 24th May
structures, properties and uses of oxides, oxyacids of chlorine, interhalogens and pseudohalogens.
The Noble Gases Preparation, properties, structures and uses of xenon fluorides; Commercial Practicals
1. Laboratory Ethics and Safety Measures Awareness about the toxic nature of chemicals and their handling, cleaning of glassware, safe laboratory operations 2. Qualitative Analysis Analysis of four ions (two cations and two anions) from mixture of salts. 3. Preparation and standardization of normal and molar solutions of HCl, NaOH and KMnO4
4. Quantitative Analysis Determination of total hardness of water using EDTA. Estimation of magnesium using EDTA Estimation of copper (iodometrically). Determination of ferricyanide using KI solution Determination of chloride by Volhard and Mohr methods. Estimation of chloride/bromide ions using adsorption (fluorescein) indicator. Percentage determination of ferric ions in ferric alum using KMnO4 solution. Determination of purity of commercial potassium oxalate using KMnO4 solution. Estimation of ferrous /ferric ions using K2Cr2O7 solution. Percentage determination of barium in barium nitrate by gravimetric method. Gravimetric determination of nickel.
Recommended Books: 1. Badar-ud-Din and Ali S. M. “Inorganic Chemistry” Ferozsons Pvt. Ltd. 2. Cartmell E. and Fowles G. W. A. “Valency and Molecular Structure” Adlard and Sons Limited .3rd Edition (1966)
3. Cotton, F. A., Wilkinson G., Murillo C.A. and Bockhmann, M. “Basic Inorganic
4th Board of Studies DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY 24th May
Chemistry” John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2nd Edition (1987) 4. Douglas B., McDaniel D. and Alexander J. “Concepts and Models of Inorganic Chemistry” John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 3rd Edition (1994) 5. Harvey K. B. and Porter G. B. “Introduction to Inorganic Physical Chemistry” Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc. (1963) 6. Hill J. W. and Petrucci R. H. “General Chemistry” Prentice-Hall, Inc. (1996) 7. Huheey J. E. “Inorganic Chemistry Principles of Structure and Reactivity” Harper and Row Publishers 2nd Edition (1978) 8. Huheey J. E. “Inorganic Chemistry Principles of Structure and Reactivity” Harper and Row Publishers. SI Unit Edition (1975) 9. Lee J. D. “Concise Inorganic Chemistry” Chapman and Hall. 5th Edition (1996) 10. Marr G. and Rockett B. W. “Practical Inorganic Chemistry” Van Nostrand Reinhold Company. (1972) 11. Miessler G. L. and Tarr Donald A. “Inorganic Chemistry” Prentice-Hall International, Inc. Prentice-Hall International Edition (1991) 12. Moody B. “Comparative Inorganic Chemistry” Routledge, Chapman and Hall, Inc. 3rd Edition (1991) 13. Shriver, D.F., Atkins P.W. and Langford C. H. “Inorganic Chemistry” Oxford University Press 2nd Edition (1994) Practicals
Baig M. M. “Inorganic Chemical Analysis” Kifayat Academy (1974) Bassette J., Denney C., Jeffery G. H. and Mendham J. “‘Vogel’s Textbook of Quantitative Inorganic Analysis Including Elementary Instrumental Analysis” English Language Book Society. 4th Edition (1978) Harris W. E., Kratochvil B. “An Introduction to Chemical Analysis” Saunders College Publishing. Holt-Saunders International Edition (1981) Vogel, A.I. “A Text Book of Micro and Semimicro Qualitative Inorganic Analysis” Longman Green & Co. (1995)
BS: 2nd Year Semester-III Organic Chemistry (3+1) Basic Concepts in Chemical Bonding Localized and delocalized bonding; concept of hybridization leading to bond angles, bond energies and geometry of simple organic molecules; dipole moment; inductive effect; resonance, resonance energy, rules of resonance, resonance effect, steric inhibition of resonance; hyperconjugation; tautomerism; hydrogen bonding. Nomenclature of Organic Compounds
Common and trivial names of organic compounds; an introduction to the systematic nomenclature of mono- and bi-functional organic compounds by IUPAC rules. Hydrocarbons Open Chain: Preparation, properties and reactions of alkanes, alkenes and 4th Board of Studies DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY 24th May
alkynes. Closed Chain: Synthesis, reactions and relative stability of small and medium sized cycloalkanes. Aromatic Compounds: Structure of benzene, aromaticity, electrophilic substitution including orientation and reactivity, addition and oxidation reactions, preparation and reactivity of naphthalene. Isomerism Geometrical isomerism: Determination of configuration of geometrical isomers, Z, E convention and cis- and trans- isomerism in compounds containing two double bonds; Optical isomerism: Optical activity, chirality and optical activity, racemisation and resolution of racemic mixtures, R, S notation, diasteroisomers. Conformational isomerism: A brief introduction to conformation of ethane, n- butane and cyclohexane. Alkyl Halides Preparation and reactions of alkyl halides with special reference to nucleophilic substitution and eliminations reactions, factors effecting nucleophilic substitution
and elimination reactions. Grignard’s reagent: Preparation, structure and applications in the synthesis of alcohols and carboxylic acids. Chemistry of the Hydroxyl Group and Ethers Brief review of the physical properties, preparation and reactions of alcohols. Phenols: Acidity, preparation and reactions, Ethers: Preparation, properties and reactions. Chemistry of Carbonyl Compounds Structure and reactivity of the carbonyl group; preparation and reactions of aldehydes and ketones. Chemistry of Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives Physical properties of carboxylic acids, effect of substitution and structure on the strengths of acidity of carboxylic acids. Preparation, properties and reactions of carboxylic acids and their derivatives i.e. esters, amides, acid halides and acid anhydrides. Chemistry of Amino Group The structure of aliphatic and aromatic primary, secondary and tertiary amines. Physical and chemical properties of amines, basicity and nucleophilicity of amines. Synthesis and reactions of amines. Diazonium salts: Preparation and their synthetic applications. 4th Board of Studies DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY 24th May Practicals Sixteen experiments shall be conducted based on the following: a. Techniques Melting and boiling point determination Distillation, solvent extraction, crystallization, b. Qualitative Organic Analysis Systematic identification of organic compounds (10 Compounds) c. Preparation of Organic Compounds Preparation of simple organic compounds like iodoform, aspirin, acetanilide etc (10 Preparation) Recommended Books Theory 1. Bansal.R.K, “A Text book of Organic Chemistry” Wiley Eastern Ltd; Second Edition (1990). 2. Carrey.F.A, “Organic Chemistry” The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc; Fourth Edition (2000).
3. Finar.I.L, “Fundamental Principles of Organic Chemistry”Longman, Third Edition, Vol.1 (1959). 4. March.J, “Advanced Organic Chemistry Reactions, Mechanisms and
Structure” John Wiley & Sons (latest edition available).
5. McMurry.J, “Organic Chemistry” Thomson Asia Ltd; Singapore, Fifth Edition
6. Morrison.R.T, Boyd.R.N; “Organic Chemistry”Prentice-Hall, Inc; Sixth Edition
7. Pine.S.H, Hendrickson.J.B Hammond.G.S, “Organic Chemistry”McGraw-Hill,
Practicals
Furniss.B.S, Hannaford.A.J,Rogers.V,Smith.P.W.G,Tatchell.A.R, “Vogel’s
Text book of PracticalOrganic Chemistry Including Qualitative Organic Analysis” Longman Group Ltd;Fourth Edition(1986).
I.Gosney.J.T.S, Rowley.A.G, “Practical Organic Chemistry” Chapman and
Mann.F.G, Saunders.B.C, “Practical Organic Chemistry” Lowe and Brydone
(Printers) Ltd; Thetford, Norfolk (1975).
Shriner.R.L, Fuson.R.C, Curtin.D.Y and Morrill.T.C, “The Systematic
Identification of Organic Compounds (a laboratory manual)”John Wiley & Sons, Inc; Sixth Edition (1980).
Vogel, A., I., “Practical Organic Chemistry”, Longman Green & Co, (1995).
Semester-IV Chemistry (Special Topics) (3+1) Electrochemistry Ions in solution. Measurement of conductance and Kohlrausch’s law. Debye- 4th Board of Studies DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY 24th May
Hückel theory and activity coefficient. Application of conductance measurement. Electrode potential. Electrochemical cell. Application of electrode potential.
Quantum Theory Limitations of classical mechanics, Wave and particle nature of matter, de Broglie equation, Heisenberg uncertainty principle. Schrödinger wave equation and its solution for particle in 1-dimensional and 3-dimensional boxes. Concept of quantization of energy and an introduction to spectroscopy: spectra of hydrogen and hydrogen-like atoms. Chemistry of d-block Elements
Electronic configuration. General characteristics of d-block elements. Werner’s concepts of co-ordination compounds; nomenclature. nature of coordinate covalent bond. Valence Bond, Molecular Orbital and Crystal Field theories to explain the structures of polymers coordination compounds. Introduction to chelates. Industrial applications of transition metals.
Introduction to Nuclear Chemistry Natural and artificial radioactivity; Nuclear reactions, fission and fusion. Uses of radioisotopes in various fields. Nuclear hazards and safety measures. Chromatography
Classification and introduction to paper, column and thin layer chromatography. Heterocyclic Compounds
Nomenclature of simple heterocyclic structures containing oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur in five and six membered rings. The chemistry of furan, pyrrole, pyridine and thiophene and their aromatic character. An Introduction to Spectroscopy
Spectroscopic Methods: Infrared & ultraviolet spectroscopy, structure elucidation of different organic compounds by spectroscopic techniques Biomolecules
A brief introduction to the chemical nature of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids and their importance in living systems
Practicals More experiments should be included according to the facilities available to the teaching institution. Eight experiments in chromatography (TLC, column and paper) using cations, mixture of inks and organic compounds. Determination of dipole moment of organic compounds. Determination of specific and molar conductivities of strong and weak electrolytes Recommended Books 1. Banwell, C.N., “Fundamentals of Molecular Spectroscopy”, 1978. 2. Berry, R. S., Stuart A. R., and Ross J., “Physical Chemistry”2nd Ed. Oxford
3. Cotton, F. Albert, Geoffrey Wilkinson and Paul L.Gaus, “Advanced Inorganic
Chemistry”, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 3rd Edition (1995).
4th Board of Studies DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY 24th May
4. Ernest, H. and Lyons, Jr., “Introduction to Electrochemistry” D. C. Heath and
5. Finar, I.L., “Organic Chemistry” Vol-II, Longman Group Limited, London. 6. Kennedy, Friedlander, “Nuclear and Radiochemistry” (latest edition). 7. Mortimer, G. R., “Physical Chemistry” 2nd Ed., Academic Press (2000) 8. Rastogi R.P., Srivastava V. K., “An Introduction to Quantum Mechanics of
Chemical Systems”,, Mohan Primlani for Oxford and IBH Publishing Co, New Dehli India (1986).
9. Silverstein, R. M., G.C. Basseler and T.C. Morill “Spectrometric
Identification of Organic Compounds” John Wiley and Sons, Inc. New York.
10. Skoog A., Donald, M., “Analytical Chemistry” Saunder Publishers, London
11. Steitweisser, A., Heathcock, C., “Introduction to Organic Chemistry”,
Maxwell McMillan International New York.
12. W.L. Jolly “The Principles of Inorganic Chemistry”. McGraw-Hill Inc. pp376 (
13. Warren, S. W., “The Physical Basis of Chemistry” 2nd Ed., Elsevier-
14. Griffiths, D. J., “Introduction to Quantum Mechanics” 2nd Ed., Prentice Hall
15. Chandra, A.K., “Introductory Quantum Chemistry” Mc Graw Hill, New Delhi,
4th Board of Studies DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY 24th May Semester-V Credits
Inorganic Chemistry 3+1* Organic Chemistry 3+1 Physical Chemistry 3+1 Analytical/Environmental Chemistry 3+1 Mathematics for Chemists 2
* 3+1 means 3 theory lectures and 1 practical (3 hours) per week Inorganic Chemistry Principles of Chemical Bonding
Types of chemical bonding. The localized bond approach: V.B. theory, hybridization and resonance, The delocalized approach to bonding, molecular orbital theory (MOT) as applied to diatomic and polyatomic molecules. Band theory of metallic bonding (conductors, insulators and semiconductors). Bonding in electron deficient compounds. Hydrogen bonding. Chemistry of Coordination Compounds Introduction to d-block elements, nomenclature, Werner’s theory, valence bond theory, molecular orbital theory, crystal field and ligand-field theory. Jahn-Teller theorem; magnetic properties, The spectrochemical series and color of metal complexes, Isomerism and stereochemistry, geometry of complexes having coordination number 2 to 9. Techniques for studying complexes, stability constant, applications of coordination compounds. p Acceptor Ligands
Mononuclear and polynuclear metal carbonyls, The eighteen electrons as applied to metal carbonyls, rationalization of molecular structure, evaluation of
structure based on spectroscopic evidence, Chemistry of metal carbonyls and their derivatives (nitosyls, halides and hydrides)
Practicals Semi-micro analysis and paper chromatographic techniques for confirmation of anions. Preparation of at least four Inorganic compounds in pure state.
Ni (II) Ca (II) and Mg (II) in mixture. Mg (II), Mn (II) and Zn (II) in a mixture.
4th Board of Studies DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY 24th May Recommended Books 1. Atkins, P., Jones, L. “Chemical Principles” Freeman and Company (2002) 2. Basolo F., and Johnson R. C. “Coordination Chemistry: The Chemistry of
Metal Complexes” W. A. Benjamin, Inc. (1964)
3. Brady, J.E., Holum, J.R. “Chemistry-The Study of Matter and Its Changes” John Wiley and Sons, Inc. (1996) 4. Cartmell E. and Fowles G. W. A. “Valency and Molecular Structure”. 3rd Ed. Adlard and Sons Limited. (1966). 5. Douglas B., McDaniel D. and Alexander J. “Concepts and Models of Inorganic Chemistry” John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 3rd Edition (1994) 6. Ebbing, D.D., “General Chemistry” Houghton Mifflin Company (1996) 7. Kettle S. F. A. “Coordination Compounds” Thomas Nelson & Sons Ltd. (1969) 8. Larsen E. M. “Transitional Elements”. W. A. Benjamin, Inc. (1995) 9. Miessler G. L. and Tarr Donald A. “Inorganic Chemistry” Prentice-Hall International, Inc. Prentice-Hall International Ed (1991) 10. Mortimer C. E. “Chemistry: A Conceptual Approach” D. Van Nostrand Company. 3rd Edition (1975) 11. Purcell, K.F., Kortz, J.C., “An Introduction to Inorganic Chemistry” Saunders College Publishing (1980) 12. Shriver D. F., Atkins P. W. and Langford C. H. “Inorganic Chemistry”. Oxford University Press. (1994). 13. Sultana N. and Arayne M. S. “A Text Book of Coordination Chemistry:” B. C. C. & T Press, University of Karachi. (1996) Practicals: Bassette J., Denney C., Jeffery G. H. and Mendham J. “‘Vogel’s Textbook of Quantitative Inorganic Analysis Including Elementary Instrumental Analysis” English Language Book Society. 4th Edition (1978) Fritz J. S., Schenk G. H. “Quantitative Analytical Chemistry” Allyn and Bacon, Inc. 4th Edition (1979). Marr G., Rockett B. W. “Practical Inorganic Chemistry”. Van Nostrand Reinhold Company. (1972) Pass G. and Sutcliffe H. “Practical Inorganic Chemistry: Preparations, Reactions and Instrumental Methods” Chapman and Hall. 2nd Edition (1974) Organic Chemistry Acids and Bases Concepts of acids and bases; scale of acidity and basicity; pKa values; predicting acid/base reactions from pKa values; the effect of structure on the strengths of acids and bases, field effects, resonance effects, steric effects, hydrogen bonding effects and hybridization effects; the effect of the medium on the strengths of acids and bases; the Hammett and Taft’s equations- applications and limitations. Stereochemistry Introduction; Optical isomerism: optical activity, chirality, symmetry elements and optical inactivity, relative and absolute configuration, R, S notation, methods of determining configuration, racemic mixtures and their resolution, asymmetric synthesis, optical activity in biphenyls, allenes and spiro compounds, 4th Board of Studies DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY 24th May
stereospecific and stereoselective reactions; Geometrical isomerism: Determination of configuration of geometrical isomers, Z, E convention cis- and trans- isomerism in cyclic systems; Conformational isomerism: Conformational analysis of monosubstituted cyclohexanes, disubstituted cyclohexanes and decalin systems.
Spectroscopy
Introduction to UV, IR, 1H-NMR and Mass Spectrometry; structure elucidation of different organic compounds by these techniques
Practicals
Purification Techniques: Fractional distillation, fractional distillation under reduced pressure and fractional crystallization Mixture Analysis: Analysis of two component mixtures.
Books Recommended
(Latest available editions of the following books are recommended) 1. Finar,I.L; “Organic Chemistry”, Vol-II,Longman Group Limited, London. 2. Fleming,I; “Frontier Orbitals and Organic Chemical Reactions”, John Wiley & Sons,New York. 3. Kemp,W; “Organic Spectroscopy”, Macmillan Publishers Ltd.London. 4. Klaus,peter,and Zeller, “NMR and Mass Spectroscopy for Organic Chemist,Vol.2,University Grants Commission ,Islamabad. 5. March,J; “Advanced Organic Chemistry”,John Wiley & Sons,New York. 6. Morrison,R.T. and R.N.Boyd, “Organic Chemistry”,Allyn & Bacon Inc. 7. Pine,S.H; “Organic Chemistry”, McGraw Hill,Inc;New York.
8. Silverstein,R.M,G.C.Bassler and T.C.Morrill, “Spectrometric Identification of Organic Compounds”,John Wiley & Sons,Inc.New York. 9. Solomon, T.W.G; “Organic Chemistry”, John Wiley & Sons,New York. 0. Steitwieser, A.C. Heathcockand E.M. Kosower, “Introduction to Organic Chemistry” ,Maxwell Macmillan International,New York. 11. Younas, M, “Organic Spectroscopy”, A. H. Publisher, Lahore.
Physical Chemistry Kinetic Theory of Gases Virial equations. Maxwell’s law of molecular velocities. Calculation of molecular velocities and binary collisions. Maxwell-Boltzmann’s law of energy distribution. Chemical Thermodynamics Relation of entropy and energy with equilibrium constant and their dependence on temperature. Clausius-Clapeyron equation. Chemical potential. Partial molar quantities. Chemical Kinetics
Integrated rate laws: second and third order reactions with same and different initial concentrations of reactants. Elementary and complex reactions: opposing, parallel and consecutive reactions. Steady state approximation, Lindemann theory of unimolecular reactions. chain reactions, kinetics of thermal and photochemical reactions
4th Board of Studies DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY 24th May Practicals Equilibrium constant of the KI + I2 = KI3 reaction Kinetics of saponification of ethyl acetate Acid catalyzed hydrolysis of sucrose Study of the adsorption isotherms of acetic acid-charcoal system Study of the charge transfer complex formation between iodine and benzene Determination of activation energy for the acid catalyzed hydrolysis of ethyl acetate Determination of partial molar volumes Books Recommended 1. Alberty, R. A., Robert J. S. and Moungi G. B. “Physical Chemistry”. 4th Edition , John Wiley and Sons, 960 pp (2004). 2. Ball, D.W., “Physical Chemistry” 1st Ed., Brooks/Cole Co. Inc., pp. 880 (2003). 3. Engel, Thomas and .Reid P., “Thermodynamics, Statistical Thermodynamics, and Kinetics” 1st Ed., Benjamin Cummings, 2006 . 4. James K. and Wothers, P., “Why Chemical Reactions Happen”. Oxford University Press, (2003). 5. Smith, E. Brian, “Basic Chemical Thermodynamics” 5th Edition. Imperial College Press,. (2004). 6. Stephen B. R., Rice S. A., and Ross J., “Physical Chemistry” 2nd Ed.,
7. Jurg, W., “Basic Chemical Thermodynamics” W. A. Benjamin (1969). 8. Chorkendorff, I. and Niemantsverdriet, J. W. “Concepts of Modern Catalysis and Kinetics”1st Edition John Wiley and Sons (2003). 9. Espenson, J. H. “Chemical Kinetics and Reaction Mechanism” 2nd Edition McGraw Hill (2002) .
10. Berry, R. S., Stuart A. R., and John Ross “Physical and Chemical Kinetics”
2nd Ed., Oxford University Press (2000) Practical: Halpern, Arthur M., “ Experimental Physical Chemistry: A Laboratory Textbook” 2nd Ed., Prentice Hall. pp 610 (1997) Bassette J., Denney C., Jeffery G. H. and Mendham J. “‘Vogel’s Textbook of Quantitative Inorganic Analysis Including Elementary Instrumental Analysis” English Language Book Society. 4th Edition (1978) Daniel, F., “Experimental Physical Chemistry” Mc Graw Hill (1962). Shoemaker, D., “Experimental Physical Chemistry” Mc Graw Hill (1989). Analytical Chemistry Chemical Analysis and Data Handling Accuracy of analytical processes such as sampling, weighing, volume measurements, precipitation, washing, filtration and ignition Recent developments in the sampling techniques, Statistical analysis; random and systematic errors, rounding off the data, arithmetic mean, median, mode, standard deviation, relative standard deviation, Student t-test, F-test etc., quality control and quality assurance Constructing and interpreting quality control plots. The use of computers in data handling Ionic Equilibria in Solutions
Activity and activity coefficients, Hydrogen ion activity and pH for weak acids and bases, Determination of pKa and pKb value, common ion effect and its industrial applications. Buffer its composition and mechanism and buffer capacity. Stability and formation constants of complexes, methods for their determination
4th Board of Studies DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY 24th May Separation Techniques Solvent extraction: Principle, factors affecting the extraction systems, Distribution law, Coefficient and ratio, multiple batch extraction, Practical applications in chemical analysis. Chromatographic methods: General theory of chromatography, classification of chromatographic methods, column, paper, thin-layer, and ion-exchange chromatography and their applications. Practicals
Use of double pan balance, long swing and short swing methods by use of riders Calibration of weights. Conductometric determination of solubility product of AgCl / PbSO4. Effect of common ions on solubility of sparingly soluble salts (AgCl /PbSO4). Verification of Beer Lambert law by using KMnO4 solution. Determination of max of KMnO4 and K2Cr2O7 solutions. Construction of voltaic cell and electrochemical cells. Electrogravimetric determination of copper in given samples. Books Recommended: 1. Blackburn, Thomas, R., “Equilibrium- A Chemistry of Solutions”, Holt, Rinehart and 2. Winston, Inc., 1969. 3. Christian, G.D., “Analytical Chemistry” 6th ed., John Wiley & Sons, New York, 2003. 4. Harris D.C., “Quantitative Chemical Analysis” 4th Ed., Freeman (1995). 5. Miller J.C., and Miller J.N., “Statistics for Analytical Chemists” 6. Skoog D.A., West D.D., and Holler F.J., “Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry” 6th Ed., Saunders College Publishing, 1992. Environmental Chemistry Environmental degradation. Impact of modern life-style on environmental quality; resource depletion; poverty and environment degradation; environmental education. Nature and composition of atmosphere; temperature and pressure profiles. Environmental aspects related to chemistry, classification of environmental pollutants. Major sources of pollutants including industry and vehicular emissions. Introduction to air-pollution, water-pollution, soil-pollution and food-pollution. Basics of green house effect and global warming. Impacts of chemical pollutants on biological systems in the lithosphere and hydrosphere. Role of chemistry in abatement of environmental pollution. Heavy metals and inorganic anions as pollutants. Oxides of non-metals (C, N, and S). Significance of oxygen level in water bodies. Biodiversity in aquatic systems.
Practicals:
Determination of dissolved oxygen in water sample. Determination of lead in soil sample. Estimation of lead, zinc and tin in canned food. Collection of air samples from various industries. Collection and analyze of industrial effects. Determination of chromium in leather samples.
4th Board of Studies DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY 24th May
Estimation of particulate matter from collected air samples. Estimation of volatile formaldehyde from press wood samples. -
, CN-) in water samples. Detection and determination of toxic anions (S2-, NO2) Recycling of polystyrene samples.
Recommended Books ( Latest available editions of the following books) 1. A. Kumar, Environmental Chemistry, Wiley Eastern, New Delhi. 2. Baird, C. Environmental Chemistry, Freeman, New York. 3. J. W. Moore & E.M. Moore, Environmental Chemistry, Academic Press, New York. 4. Neil, P.O. Environmental Chemistry, Chapmann, London. 5. Pakistan Environmental Pollution Act 1997. 6. S. K. Banerji, Environmental Chemistry, Prentice Hall, Delhi. 7. S. K. Banerji, Environmental Chemistry, Tata Publisher, Delhi. 8. Staneley E. Manahan, Environmental Chemistry, Brooks, California. Mathematics for Chemists Review of basic algebra, trigonometry and graphical methods; differentiation, simple and multiple variable problem, concept of maxima and minima; integration and partial differentiation, differential equations (linear, homogenous and exact); determinants, matrices and vectors-their use in chemical problems; coordinate systems: Cartesian and polar coordinates and their transformation. Probability and errors. Data handling variable correlations; t-test linear regression and line fitting. Solution of linear and quadratic equations. Binomial theorem. Recommended Books: 1. Scott, S., “Beginning Mathematics for Chemistry”. Oxford University press New York (1995). 2. Stephen, K. S., “Beginning Mathematics for Chemistry” Oxford University Press (2005). BS 3rd Year Semester-VI Credits
Inorganic Chemistry 3+1 Organic Chemistry 3+1 Physical Chemistry 3+1 Applied/Bio-Chemistry 3+1 Computer Applications in Chemistry 2____ Total 18 Cr Inorganic Chemistry The Lanthanide Series
Electronic structure and position in the periodic table, Lanthanide’s contraction, oxidation states, Spectral and magnetic properties, occurrence and preparations, complexes and uses.
4th Board of Studies DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY 24th May The Actinide Series Electronic structure and position in periodic table, Oxidation states, Occurrence and preparation with reference to Uranium complexes, uses of actinides Non-aqueous Solvents Introduction, Classification of solvents, Types of reactions in solvents, Effect of physical and chemical properties of solvents, Study of reactions in liquid NH3, SO2 HF, H2SO4 and BrF3. Reactions in molten salts systems. Practicals
Semi micro analysis and paper chromatographic confirmation of cations containing interfering anions Redox titration: Cu(II) by potassium iodate, Fe(II) by ceric sulfate. Estimation of at least two halides by adsorption indicator. Gravimetric estimation of barium and oxalate ions.
Books Recommended Theory 1. Huheey J. E. “Inorganic Chemistry Principles of Structure and Reactivity”2nd Ed. Harper and Row Publishers. 1978 2. Lee J. D. “Concise Inorganic Chemistry” 5th Ed. Chapman and Hall. 1996 3. Mackay K. M., Mackay R. A. and Henderson W. “Introduction to Modern Inorganic Chemistry”. 5th Ed. Stanley Thornes (Publishers) Ltd. (1996) 4. Miessler G. L. and Tarr Donald A. “Inorganic Chemistry”. Prentice-Hall International Ed. Prentice-Hall International, Inc. (1991) Practical Bassette J., Denney C., Jeffery G. H. and Mendham J. “‘Vogel’s Textbook of Quantitative Inorganic Analysis Including Elementary Instrumental Analysis” English Language Book Society. 4th Edition (1978) Fritz J. S., Schenk G. H. “Quantitative Analytical Chemistry” Allyn and Bacon, Inc. 4th Edition (1979) Harris W. E., Kratochvil B. “An Introduction to Chemical Analysis” Saunders College Publishing. Holt-Saunders International Edition (1981) Organic Chemistry Aliphatic Nucleophilic Substitution and Elimination Reactions Aliphatic Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions: Mechanisms and study of SN1, SN2, SN1’, SN2’, mechanisms; Neighbouring group participation: Intramolecular displacement by neighbouring oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur and halogen; The effects of the substrate structure, entering group, leaving group and reaction medium on the mechanisms and rates of substitution reactions. Elimination Reactions: Mechanisms-Study of E1, E1cB and E2 mechanisms; Orientation: Saytzeff and Hofmann Rules; The effects of the substrate structure, attacking base, leaving group and the reaction medium on the rates and mechanisms of elimination reactions; competition between elimination and substitution reactions. 4th Board of Studies DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY 24th May Aromatic Substitution Reactions Electrophilic Substitution: Aromaticity; mechanisms of substitution; orientation and reactivity; electrophilic substitution reactions, i.e. nitration, halogenation, sulfonation, Friedel-Crafts reactions, diazo-coupling, formylation and carboxylation. Nucleophilic Substitution: Mechanisms-Study of SNAr, SN1 and benzyne mechanisms; The effects of substrate structure, leaving group and the attacking nucleophile on the rates of substitution reactions. Named Organic Reactions
Cannizzaro reaction, Perkin reaction, Michael reaction, Claisen-Schmidt reaction, Darzens Glycidic Ester reaction, Stobbe reaction, Mannich reaction, Wittig reaction, Ene reaction and Reformatsky reaction, Diels-Alder reaction.
Practicals Organic Synthesis: At least four experiments involving two step Synthesis Estimation of Amide and Carboxyl groups, Phenol and other functional groups. Determination of Saponification value and acid value in oil Recommended Books:
1. Carey. F.A, Sundberg. R.J, “Advanced Organic Chemistry (Part B: Reactions and Synthesis)”, Plenum Press, New York, Third Edition (1990). 2. Carpenter. B.K, “Determination of Organic Reaction Mechanisms, “John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (1984). 3. Chatwal. G.R, “Reaction Mechanism and Reagents in Organic Chemistry”, Himalaya Publishing House (1987). 4. Fieser.L.F, Williamson.K.L, “Organic Experiments”, D.C.Heath and Company (1975). 5. Fuhrhop.J, Penzlin.G, “Organic Synthesis Concepts, Methods, Starting Materials”, Weinheim (1983). 6. Gould.E.S, “Mechanism and Structure of Organic Chemistry”, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc (1959). 7. Harris.J.M, Wamser.C.C, “Fundamental of Organic Reaction Mechanisms, “John Wiley & Sons, Inc (1976). 8. Knipe.A.C, Watts.W.E, “Organic Reaction Mechanisms”, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (1980). 9. Lowry.T.H, Richardson.K.S, “Mechanism and theory in Organic Chemistry”, Harper and Row (1976). 10. Mackie.R.K, Smith.D.M, “Guide book to Organic Synthesis”, Longman Group Ltd. (1982). 11. March.J, “Advanced Organic Chemistry Reactions, Mechanisms and Structure”, John Wiley & Sons, Inc; Fourth Edition (1992). 12. Streitwieser.A, Heath Cock.C.H, “Introduction to Organic Chemistry”, Macmillan Publishing Company, Third Edition (1989). 13. Sykes.P, “A Guide Book to Mechanism in Organic Chemistry”, Longman Group Ltd. (1986). 14. Vogel.A.I, “Elementary Practical Organic Chemistry Part III: Quantitative Organic Analysis”, Longman Group Ltd (1958).
4th Board of Studies DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY 24th May Physical Chemistry Electrochemistry Theory of metallic conduction, electrode potential, electrochemical cell, electrolysis and related issues, liquid junction potential electron transfer reactions, rate of charge transfer reaction and Butler-Volmer equation. Latimer Diagram, Frost Diagram, cell Potential and thermodynamics, and Nernst Equation. Voltammetry, fuel cells. Corrosion and its prevention. Ion in aqueous solution, ionic activity and Debye Hückel Theory. Quantum Chemistry and Spectroscopy Simple harmonic oscillator. Rigid rotor, Hydrogen atom. Quantum numbers, rotational, vibrational and rotational-vibrational spectra of diatomic and polyatomic molecules. Group Theory Symmetry operations. properties of groups, matrices, transformation of matrices, character tables. Practicals Determination of molecular weight of a polymer by viscosity method Precipitation value of electrolytes Measurement of IR spectra of simple compound and their interpretation Measurement of cyclic voltammogram of an organic compound and its interpretation Determination of dipole moment of an organic liquid Determination of percentage composition of KMnO4 / K2Cr2O7 in a given solution by spectrophotometry. Stoichiometry of a complex in solution by Job’s method Evaluation of pKa value of an indicator by spectrometric method Recommended Books Theory 1. Cotton, F. Albert “Chemical Applications of Groups Theory”, Interscience Publishers (1963). 2. G. W. King, “Spectroscopy and Molecular Structure”, Rinehart and Winston (1964) 3. J. Albery, “Electrode Kinetics”, Clarendon, Oxford, 1975 4. Bockris J. OM. and Reddy A.K.N.,,” Modern Electrochemistry” Vol. I and 2, Plenum Press, New York, (1970). 5. Micheal, D. F., “Elements of Quantum Mechanics” Oxford University Press (2005). 6. Lowell, Hall H., “Group Theory and Symmetry in Chemistry” McGraw Hill Book Company (1969). 7. Whiffen, D. H. “Spectroscopy” Longmans Green and Co.: London, (1966). 8. Bockris,J., “ Modern Electrochemistry”, Rosseta Publishing Co., Vol: 1,2 (1970). 9. Barrow, G., “ Molcular Spectroscopy” McGraw Hill (1962)
4th Board of Studies DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY 24th May Practical: Bassette J., Denney C., Jeffery G. H. and Mendham J. “‘Vogel’s Textbook of Quantitative Inorganic Analysis Including Elementary Instrumental Analysis” English Language Book Society. 4th Edition (1978) Hatch R. C. “Experimental Chemistry” Van Nostrand Reinhold Company (1972) . Halpern, Arthur M., “Experimental Physical Chemistry: A Laboratory Textbook” 2nd Ed., Prentice Hall. pp 610 (1997) Daniel, F., “Experimental Physical Chemistry” Mc Graw Hill (1962). Shoemaker, D., “Experimental Physical Chemistry” Mc Graw Hill (1989). BIOCHEMISTRY Introduction to Biochemistry Brief introduction to the scope and history of biochemistry. The molecular logic of living organism. Cell structure and their functions. Origin and nature of biomolecules. Physical aspects of Biochemistry Weak interaction in aqueous system. Ionization of water. Weak acids and weak bases. Buffers. Buffering against ph changes. Diffusion, osmosis and osmotic pressure. Proteins Amino acids, classification and properties. Proteins, classification and properties. Primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structures of proteins. Amino acid sequence. Biological functions of proteins and peptides Lipids Classification, fatty acids and their properties. Biological significance of glycerides, phospholipids, non phospholipids and steroids. Structure of biological membrane. Carbohydrates Classification of carbohydrates, chemistry and properties of monosaccharide, disaccharides and polysaccharides. Glycolipids and glycoproteins. Digestion and Absorption Utilization Carbohydrates, Lipids and Proteins Nucleic Acids Purines and pyrimidines, nucleosides and nucleotides. Structures and functions of RNA and DNA. Enzymes Chemical nature, nomenclature and classification. Enzyme activity. Effect of different factors on enzyme activity. Coenzymes and immobilized enzymes. Vitamins Introduction, classification, chemistry and biological significances of vitamins A, D, E, K, B, complex and C. 4th Board of Studies DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY 24th May Practicals Hydrolysis of protein Qualitative tests for amino acids/paper chromatography Estimation of protein by Kjeldahl, Lowery methods Titration curve of amino acids Qualitative tests for carbohydrates (pentoses, hexsoses, reducing and non reducing sugar) Estimation of glucose, Sucrose (polarimeter) Enzymatic Hydrolysis of glycogen Qualitative tests for fats, sterols and phospholipids Saponification and iodine values of fat Isolation and assay of enzymes, effects of various physical and chemical factors on enzyme activity e.g. ALP, LDH Enzyme inhibition, enzymes kinetics, enzyme immobilization, identification of enzymes using zymogen techniques. Recommended Books: 1. Lehninger, A. L., “Principles of Biochemistry” Worth Publisher, New York (2001) 2. Murray, R. K., P. A. Mayes, D. K. Granner and V. W. Rodwell, “Harper’s . Biochemistry”, 3. Appleton and Lange(2000). 4. Robert, “Harper’s Biochemistry”, 25th Edition. (2000) 5. Stryer, L. “Biochemistry”, Freeman & Co.( 1994) 6. Voet, D. and Voet J.G. “Biochemistry” John Wiley & Sons, New York (2000) 7. West, “Text Book of Biochemistry” 4th Edition. (2000) 8. Zubay, G. “Biochemistry”, 4th Edition Macmillan Publishing Co.(1999) Applied Chemistry Common Industrial Unit Operations Elementary treatment of general unit operations commonly used in industries such as size reduction, screening, enrichment, filteration, distillation and crystallization Chemical unit processes like nitration , halogenation, sulfonation, oxidation and hydrolysis with appropriate technical examples. Basic Chemical Industries Raw materials, chemical processes involved: flow sheet diagrams with all the important parameters concerning the manufacture of sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, caustic soda, washing soda, phthalic anhydride. Cement Industry Raw materials used for cement manufacturing used, dry process, wet process, chemistry involved in hydration of cement, setting of cement, setting time. Glass Industry Raw materials used for glass, methods of manufacturing, method of manufacturing glass. Special types of glass and their properties. Soap Industry Processes involved in soap manufacturing, methods used for manufacturing laundry detergents. Recovery of glycerin. Detergent or surface active agents, cationic anionic and non-ionic agents. 4th Board of Studies DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY 24th May
Water Softening and Scale Removing Water hardness, its measurement and removal, methods used for water softening including ion-exchange, distillation and precipitation. Practicals: Titrimetry: Water hardness by complexometry, determination of magnesium and aluminum by EDTA titrations, analysis of caustic soda and soda ash in mixtures. Flame Photometry: Lithium in industrial effluents, barium in ores, potassium by in soil samples Spectrophotometry: Iron in pharmaceuticals, chromium in steel, phosphate in fertilizers. Preparations: Calcium gluconate, detergents, cosmetics and vanishing creams, formic acid. Books Recommended
1. Arovan Singh “Industrial Chemistry” Vol. I & II, Anmd. Publishers. New Dehli
2. Buchel, Moretto & Wodith , Industrial Inorganic Chemistry, John Wiley & Sons. 3. Crogsins “ Unit Operation in Oganic Synthesis” McGraw Hill. 4. Pandey Vikas, “Text Book of Chemical Technology, Vol. 1 & II” Publishing Co. New Dehli 5. Streven & Brink “Chemical Process Industries, McGraw Hill 6. Weissermel & Ape “Industrial Organic Chemistry” Verlag Chemie. Semester-VI Computer Applications in Chemistry
Introduction to computer, computer’s functioning; programming, understanding computer aided numerical methods test square curve fitting, numerical integration, errors, molecular modeling understanding MS Word, understanding Power Point, Internet Searching.
Books Recommended:
1. Grants G.H., and Richards W.G., “Computational Chemistry”, Oxford Science Publication (1995). 2. Richard G., “Computer Simulate with Mathematics” and Spring-Verlag. Germany (2000)
In the fourth year the student would take specialized courses in one of the following fields: Analytical/Biochemistry/Inorganic/ Organic/Physical Chemistry
4th Board of Studies DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY 24th May Semester-VII Credits Semester-VIII Credits
SPECIALIZATION IN ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY Semester-VII Paper - I Electro Analytical Techniques Theoretical Principles: Faraday’s laws of electrolytes, Nernst equation and its application for determination of electrode potential, redox potential, Voltaic cells (lead storage battery, dry cells), introduction to corrosion and its prevention. Potentiometry: Principles, instrumentation, potentiometric titrations, reference, indicator and ion-selective electrodes used in chemical analysis. Conductometry: Principle, measurement of conductance, applications. Paper-II Polarography Basic concept of polarography and interpretation of various polarographic curves, measurement of decomposition potential, diffusion and limiting currents, derivation of Ilkovic equation, logarithmic analysis of polarographic wave, advantages and limitation of dropping mercury electrode. Voltammetry Polarizable and non-polarizable electrodes, solid electrodes, their scope and limitations Coulometry Principle, instrumentation and applications of coulometry Advanced Chromatography Principle and instrumentation of gas chromatography, HPLC, and applications Paper-III UV-Visible Spectroscopy Brief Introduction, instrumentation and sample handling, chromophore, absorption by conjugated systems. Woodward Fieser rules, absorption of UV-Vis light by organic compounds . Beer-Lambert law, theory, instrumentation and analytical applications of UV-Visible spectrophotometry. 4th Board of Studies DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY 24th May
Infra red Spectroscopy Brief introduction, instrumentation and sample handling, interpretation of IR spectra, characteristic and absorption frequency of common functional groups, applications in clinical, food and forensic analysis Mass Spectrometry: Brief introduction, instrumentation and sample handling, mass spectra and its interpretation, applications in related to determination of molecular weight. NMR Spectroscopy Brief introduction, principles, instrumentation and sample handling, spin relaxation, chemical shift, coupling constant, Factors effecting the chemical shift and applications Flame Spectrometry Basic Principles of FES & AAS, instrumentation, interferences and applications Practicals:
The experiments may be set making use of the following instruments depending upon their availability, special experiments may also be designed for which a specimen list of instruments is given below. For the innovative designing of experiments the Journal of Chemical Education may be consulted. Instruments: UV/Visible spectrophotometers Flame photometers
pH-meters Conductivity bridge Gas chromatography HPLC chromatography Electrogravimetric apparatus Atomic absorption spectrophotometer Infrared spectrophotometers Experiments: Determination of iron in soil by spectrophotometry. Spectrophotometric determination of molybdate ion. Separation of dyes using column/paper/thin layer chromatography. Separation of sugars using paper chromatography. Separation of amino acids using paper/thin layer chromatography. Separation of hydrocarbons using GC/HPLC. Determination of iron in foods products spectrophotometrically. Determination of phosphate content in commercial fertilizers by spectrophotometry. Determination of nickel in vegetable ghee by spectrophotometry involving solvent extraction. 4th Board of Studies DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY 24th May
Identification and spectrophotometric determination of aspirin, phenacetine and caffeine in pharmaceutical samples. IR analysis and identification of human body stones Mass spectrometry of mineral oil samples. To determine pKa Values for the given samples of weak acids by potentiometric method To determine the quality parameters i.e. pH, conductance and concentration of anions & cations. To determine Ni (II) in steel using DMG reagent by spectrophotometric method. To determine vitamin-C concentration in the given samples. To determine calcium and zinc in milk by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. To determine lead in sewage sludge by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. To determine Mn and Cr in stainless steel spectrophotometrically. To record and characterization of IR spectra of at least 10 organic compounds
Semester-VIII Paper-IV X ray Spectroscopy Introduction, lattice and unit cell, dimensional relationship, Bragg’s equation, reciprocal lattice, single and multicrystal (powder) analysis, diffraction and diffractrometer, identification and applications. Thermal Methods of Analysis Introduction to thermal methods, TGA, TG, DTA and DSC, analytical applications Paper-V Electrophoresis: Introduction, Principle, instrumentation and application Emission Spectroscopy with Plasma & Electrical Discharge Sources Introduction, Principle, instrumentation and application Paper VI Basic Electronic in Instrumentation Process Instruments and Automation Chemical Analysis: Practicals / Research Recommended Books:
1. A. Pople, W. G. Schneider and H. J. Berstein, "High Resolution Nuclear Magnetic Resonance," McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1959. (AD/591/P6) 2. A.J. Bard and L.R. Faulkner,” Electrochemical Methods, Fundamentals and Applications”, 2nd. Ed., Wiley, N.Y., 2001. 3. Alkemade, C.Th.J., Herrmann, R., Fundamentals of Analytical Flame Spectroscopy, Hilger, Bristol, UK. 4. Ault and G. Dudek, "An Introduction to Proton NMR Spectroscopy," Holden Day, San Francisco, 1976.
4th Board of Studies DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY 24th May
5. B.B. Kebbekus, S. Mitra “Environmental Chemical Analysis”, Blackie Academic & Professional, New York, NY, 1998. 6. Banwell, C. N. “Fundamentals of Molecular Spectroscopy” 2nd ed.; McGraw-Hill Book Company (U.K.): Maidenhead, U.K., 1972 7. Bernhard Welz “Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy” 2nd Ed (1985). 8. Bertin, EP. “Principles and Pracyti of X-ray Spectrometric Analysis”, Plenum Press (1975). 9. BH Vassos and GW Ewing, “Electroanalytical Chemistry”, Wiley, New York 1983 10. D. H. Williams and I. Fleming, "Spectroscopic Methods in Organic Chemistry," 4th ed., 1988. 11. D. L. Pavia, G. M. Lampman, G. S. Kriz, Jr., "Introduction to Spectroscopy," W. B. Saunders, 1979. 12. D. W. Mathieson, "Nuclear Magnetic Resonance for Organic Chemistry," Academic Press, London, 1967. L. M. Jackman and S. Sternhell, "Applications of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy in Organic Chemistry," Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1969. 13. D.T. Sawyer, J. L. Roberts, Jr., “Experimental Electrochemistry for Chemists” J. Wiley, New York, 1974. 14. Dahmen EAMF “Electroanalysis” Elsevier, Amsterdam 1986 15. Douglas A. Skoog, F. James Holler, Timothy A. Nieman “Principles of Instrumental Analysis”, 5th Edition, , Saunders College Publishing, New York, 1997. 16. E. A. V. Ebsworth, D. W. H. Rankin, S. Cradock, "Structural Methods in Inorganic Chemistry," Blackwell, 1987. 17. Ebdon, E.H. Evans (ed.), A. Fisher and S.J. Hill "An Introduction to Analytical Atomic Spectrometry" Wiley, Chichester, 1998. 18. Edmond De Hoffmann, Vincent Stroobant (Editors) “Mass Spectrometry: Principles and Applications” John Wiley & Sons; 2nd edition 2001. 19. G.D. Christian and J.E. O'Reilley, Allyn and Bacon, “Instrumental Analysis,” 2nd edition, Boston 1986. 20. G.W. Ewing “Instrumental Methods of Chemical Analysis, 5th edition, McGraw-Hill, New York 1985. 21. G.W.C. Milner, G. Phillip, “ Coulometry in Analytical Chemistry” Pergamon Press, 1967. 22. R.P.W. Scott, Techniques and Practices of Chromatography, Marcel Dekker, 1995. 23. H. A. Liebhafsky, H. G. Pfeiffer, E. H. Winslow, and P. D. Zemany, "X-Rays, Electrons, and Analytical Chemistry -- Spectrochemical Analysis with X- Rays", Wiley-Interscience, N. Y., (1972) 24. H. Budzikiewitz, C. Djerassi, and D. H. Williams, "Mass Spectrometry of Organic Compounds," Holden-Day. J. R. Chapman, "Practical Organic Mass Spectrometry," Wiley, 1985 25. H. Gunther, "NMR Spectroscopy - An Introduction," John Wiley, 1980. 26. H. H. Jaffé and M. Orchin, "Theory and Applications of Ultraviolet
27. H. Strobel and W. Heineman, “Chemical Instrumentation: A Systematic
Approach”, 3rd edition, Wiley, New York 1989.
28. H. Willard, L. Merritt, J. Dean, and F. Settle, “Instrumental Methods of
Analysis”, 7th edition van Nostrand Co., New York 1992.
29. Harold Gomes Cassidy ““Fundamentals of Chromatography” New York, Interscience Publishers, 1957.
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30. J. Akitt, "NMR and Chemistry; An Introduction to Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy," Chapman and Hall, London, 1973. 31. J. Heyrovsky and J. Kuta, “Principles of Polarography”, Academic Press,1966. 32. J. R. Dyer, "Applications of Absorption Spectroscopy to Organic Compounds,"
33. J.D. Ingle and S.R. Crouch “Spectrochemical Methods of Analysis” Prentice-
34. J.P.Glusker and K.N.Trueblood , “Crystal Structure Analysis: a primer” , 2nd Ed, Oxford University Press, New York, 1985. 35. L. Ebdon, E.H. Evans (ed.), A. Fisher and S.J. Hill "An Introduction to Analytical Atomic Spectrometry" Wiley, Chichester, 1998. 36. L.H.J. Lajunen "Spectrochemical Analysis by Atomic Absorption and Emission" Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, 1992. 37. Lingane,J.J “Electroanalytical Chemistry”, 2 Ed., Interscience, 1970. 38. McLafferty, F. W. "Interpretation of Mass Spectra," 1980. 39. Melvin and Kelvin “Electrophoresis” Analytical Chemistry by Open
Learning, Published by John Wiley and Sons.
40. N. Levine, “Molecular Spectroscopy”, Wiley (1975). 41. R.M. Silverstein, G.C. Bassler and T.C. Morrill "Spectrometric Identification of Organic Compounds,", John Wiley & Sons, New York, 5th Ed. 1991. 42. Reiger, P.H. “Electrochemistry”, Prentice Hall N.J, 1987 43. Schomburg, Gerhard “Gas Chromatography-A Practical Course” VCH(1990). 44. Snyder and J. J. Kirkland,” Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography”, Wiley, New York, 2nd ed., 1979. 45. Stock and Rice, Chromatographic methods, Chapman and Hall, 1967 46. Thomspon K.C. Reynold R.J. “Atomic Absorption, Fluorescence and Flame Emission Spectroscopy” 2nd Ed. John Wiley and Sons (1978). 47. Wendlandt, Wesley Wm, “Thermal Analysis” Third Edition, Wiley (1986).
4th Year: SPECIALIZATION IN INORGANIC CHEMISTRY Semester-VII Paper-I: Advanced Inorganic Chemistry Periodicity First and second row anomalies, The use of p-orbital in pi bonding , The uses (or not) of d Orbital by non-metals, Reactivity and orbital participation, Periodic Anomalies of the non-metals and post-tarnsition metals Kinetics and Reaction Mechanisms of Inorganic Reactions Classification (D-Id, Ia and A mechanisms, rate law, stationary state approximation, inner and labile complexes Octahedral Complexes: Acid hydrolysis, acid catalyzed, aquation, amd anation 4th Board of Studies DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY 24th May
reactions, Square planar complexes: Nucleophilic reactivity, trans-effect, cis-effect, effect of leaving group; Mechanism of substitution Recimization reactions. Electron transfer processes (outer and inner sphere reactions) Recommended Books 1. Jorden R. B. “Reaction Mechanisms of Inorganic and Organometallic Systems: 2nd Ed. Oxford University Press, Inc. 1998 2. Purcell, K.F. and Kortz, J.C. “Inorganic Chemistry” W. B. Saunders Company. Holt-Saunders International Editions (1977) 3. Purcell, K.F., Kortz, J.C., “An Introduction to Inorganic Chemistry” Saunders College Publishing (1980) 4. Shriver D. F., Atkins P. W. and Langford C. H. “Inorganic Chemistry” Oxford University Press. (1990) 5. Wilkins R. G. “Kinetics and Mechanism of Reactions of Transition Metal Complexes” VCH Publishers, Inc. 2nd Thoroughly Revised Edition (1991) Paper-II: Spectroscopic Methods of Analysis
Physical Methods in Inorganic Chemistry, NMR, IR, UV Spectroscopy, Mass Spectrometry, Flame Spectrometry (AAS & FES), Basic, principles, instrumentation and applications.
Recommended Books 1. Bassette J., Denney C., Jeffery G. H. and Mendham J. “‘Vogel’s Textbook of Quantitative Inorganic Analysis Including Elementary Instrumental Analysis” English Language Book Society. 4th Edition (1978) 2. Braun R. D. “Introduction to Chemical Analysis” Mc Graw-Hill, Inc. (1982) 3. Drago R. S. “Physical Methods in Inorganic Chemistry” W. B. Saunders Company. (1997) 4. Kemp W. “NMR in Chemistry: A Multinuclear Introduction” Macmillan Press Ltd. (1986) 5. Pavia D. L., Lampman G. M. and Kriz G. S. “Introduction to Spectroscopy” Saunders College Publishing. (1979) Paper-III Organometallic Chemistry Introduction, Compounds of transition metals, Single, double and triple bonds to carbon, Acyls, Alkylidene complexeds and Alkalidyne complexes), Delocalized hydrocarbon system: alkenes, olefins, allyl and butadienes: alkyne complexes, Cyclic complexes: four-five-six members rings Oxidative- Addition and Reductive Elimination Oxidative Addition: One-electron Oxidative Addition, Addition of Oxygen, Addition of bimetallic species, Hydrogen addition, HX addition, Organic halides, Reductive Elimination reactions Recommended Books
1. Douglas B. E., McDaniel D. H. and Alexander J. J. “Concepts and Models of Inorganic Chemistry” John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2nd Edition (1983)
4th Board of Studies DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY 24th May
2. Douglas B., McDaniel D. and Alexander J. “Concepts and Models of Inorganic Chemistry” John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 3rd Edition (1994) 3. Huheey J. E. “ Inorganic Chemistry Principles of Structure and Reactivity”2nd Ed. Harper and Row Publishers. 1978 4. Huheey J. E. “ Inorganic Chemistry Principles of Structure and Reactivity”SI Unit Ed. Harper and Row Publishers. (1975) 5. Mackay K. M., Mackay R. A. and Henderson W. “Introduction to Modern Inorganic Chemistry”. 5th Ed. Stanley Thornes (Publishers) Ltd. (1996) 6. Miessler G. L. and Tarr Donald A. “Inorganic Chemistry”. Prentice-Hall International Ed. Prentice-Hall International, Inc. (1991) 7. Purcell, K.F. and Kortz, J.C. “Inorganic Chemistry” W. B. Saunders Company. Holt-Saunders International Editions (1977) 8. Purcell, K.F., Kortz, J.C., “An Introduction to Inorganic Chemistry” Saunders College Publishing (1980)
Practicals
Practicals to be designed based on the following: Chromatographic Techniques: Chromatographic techniques for the separation of inorganic compounds. Spectroscopic and Complexometric Methods: Use of organic reagents for the estimation of various elements using spectroscopic and complexometric methods. Instrumental Methods of Analysis: Conductometric and potentiometric titrations, spectrophotometric determination of metal ions. Preparation and characterization of coordination and organometallic compounds The experiments may be set making use of the following instruments depending upon their availability, special experiments may also be designed for which a specimen list of instruments is given below. For the innovative designing of experiments the Journal of Chemical Education may be consulted. Instruments: UV/Visible spectrophotometers Flame photometers pH-meters Gouy balance Conductivity bridge Atomic absorption spectrophotometer Infrared spectrophotometers (for the characterization of complexes) Simple NMR experiments depending upon the availability of the instrument. Practical Inorganic Chemistry-I 1. Conductometry (i) Titration of strong acid and weak acid with a strong base. (ii) Precipitation titration involving AgNO3 and KCl. (iii) Determination of dissociation constant Ka for acetic acid 4th Board of Studies DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY 24th May
2. Potentiometry Determination of Kl K2 and K3 for H3PO4 Determination of chloride in the presence of iodide and evaluation of Ksp of AgI and AgCl Practical Inorganic Chemistry-II Use of some Organic Reagents for Gravimetric Estimation. (a) 8-Hydroxyquinoline Al (III) and Fe (III) (b) Nitron Use of Some Organic Reagents for The Estimation of Various Elements (a) Salicylaldoxime: Ni (II) in the presence of Cu (II) (b) Anthranilic acid: Co(II) and Zn(II) Inorganic Synthesis: Preparation of at least six inorganic compounds / complexes in a pure state and determination of their state of purity. Recommended Books: 1. Bassette J., Denney C., Jeffery G. H. and Mendham J. “‘Vogel’s Textbook of Quantitative Inorganic Analysis Including Elementary Instrumental Analysis” English Language Book Society. 4th Edition (1978) 2. Fritz J. S., Schenk G. H. “Quantitative Analytical Chemistry” Allyn and Bacon, Inc. 4th Edition (1979) 3. Harris W. E., Kratochvil B. “An Introduction to Chemical Analysis” Saunders College Publishing. Holt-Saunders International Edition (1981) 4. Hatch R. C. “Experimental Chemistry” Van Nostrand Reinhold Company (1972) 5. Jefferey, G.H., J. Bassett, J. Mendham and R. C. Denney, ‘Vogel’s Textbook of Quantitative Analysis” 6. Marr G., Rockett B. W. “Practical Inorganic Chemistry”. Van Nostrand Reinhold Company. (1972) 7. Pass G. and Sutcliffe H. “Practical Inorganic Chemistry: Preparations, Reactions and Instrumental Methods” Chapman and Hall. 2nd Edition (1974) 8. Vogel, A.I. “A Text Book of Micro and Semimicro Qualitative Inorganic Analysis” Longmans Green & Co. 4th Edition (1954) 9. Vogel, A.I. “A Text Book of Micro and Semimicro Qualitative Inorganic Analysis” Longman Green & Co. (1995) Practical Inorgainc Chemistry-III 1-Credit Hours Spectrophotometry: Micro determination of Cr(III) by Di-phenylecarbazide. Determination of Fe (II) by 1-10 Phenanthroline. Determination of nitrites. 4th Board of Studies DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY 24th May
Determination of Fe (III) by 8-hydroxyquinoline. Atomic absorption spectrometry: (subject to the availability of equipment ) Estimation of Na, K, Ca, Mg, Co, Ni, and Zn. in various materials (e.g. food , tap water and brass etc.) Spectroscopy: Recording and characterization of at least five organic or organometallic compounds by IR, and UV and NMR spectrophotometer to the subject of availability of facilities Recommended Books 1. Bassette J., Denney C., Jeffery G. H. and Mendham J. “‘Vogel’s Textbook of Quantitative Inorganic Analysis Including Elementary Instrumental Analysis” English Language Book Society. 4th Edition (1978) 2. Fritz J. S., Schenk G. H. “Quantitative Analytical Chemistry” Allyn and Bacon, Inc. 4th Edition (1979) 3. Harris W. E., Kratochvil B. “An Introduction to Chemical Analysis” Saunders College Publishing. Holt-Saunders International Edition (1981) 4. Hatch R. C. “Experimental Chemistry” Van Nostrand Reinhold Company (1972) 5. Jefferey, G.H., J. Bassett, J. Mendham and R. C. Denney, ‘Vogel’s Textbook of Quantitative Analysis” 6. Marr G., Rockett B. W. “Practical Inorganic Chemistry”. Van Nostrand Reinhold Company. (1972) 7. Pass G. and Sutcliffe H. “Practical Inorganic Chemistry: Preparations, Reactions and Instrumental Methods” Chapman and Hall. 2nd Edition (1974) 8. Vogel, A.I. “A Text Book of Micro and Semimicro Qualitative Inorganic Analysis” Longmans Green & Co. 4th Edition (1954) 9. Vogel, A.I. “A Text Book of Micro and Semimicro Qualitative Inorganic Analysis” Longman Green & Co. (1995) Semester-VIII Advanced Inorganic Chemistry Organic reagents in Inorganic Analysis Type of reagents, their specific nature and methods of applications with specific examples, Complexometric and gravimetric methods involving various reagents, chelates and chelate effect Homogenous Catalysis by Transition Metal Complexes Reaction of CO and hydrogen: Hydroformylation, reductive carbonylation, reduction of CO by hydrogen, synthesis of water gas and shift reaction. Carbonylation reaction: Synthesis of methanol and methyl acetate, adipic ester, other carbonylation and decarbonylation reactions. 4th Board of Studies DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY 24th May Catalytic addition of molecules to C-C multiple bonds: Homogeneous hydrogenation, and hydrocylation and hydrocynation. Polymer Chemistry Molecular species: Polymeric sulfur and nitrogen compounds, borazines, phosphazines, carboranes and silicones. Polyionic species: Isopoly and heteropoly anions of transition elements, poly silicates and poly phosphates. Metal cluster compounds. Magnetochemistry Theory of magnetism, paramagnetism, diamagnetism, ferro-, ferri- & anti- magnetism, Magnetic susceptibility, magnetic moments, Faraday’s & Gouy’s methods, orbital contribution to magnetic moment, The Russell-Sunders coupling scheme, microstates derivation of terms chambers for p1 to p6 and d1 to d10 system Nuclear Chemistry Introduction, Structure of nucleus, radioactivity and radioactive series, artificial radioactivity, Determination of half life, nuclear fission and fusion reaction, energetic nuclear reactions, Particle accelerators and reactors, Application of radioisotopes. 4th Board of Studies DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY 24th May Practicals / Research Recommended Books: 1. Choppin G. R. and Rydberg J. “Nuclear Chemistry, Theory and Applications” Pergamon. (1980) 2. Elton L. R. B. “Introductory Nuclear Theory” The English Language Book Society and Sir ISAAC Pitman & Sons, Ltd. (1959) 3. Friedlander G., Kennedy J. W. and Macias E. S. “Nuclear and Radiochemistry” John Wiley and Sons, Inc. 3rd Edition (1964) 4. Friedlander G., Kennedy J. W. and Miller J. M. “Nuclear and Radiochemistry” John Wiley and Sons, Inc. 2nd Edition (1964) 5. Frost A. A. and Pearson R. G. “Kinetics and Mechanism: A Study of Homogeneous Chemical Reactions” John Wiley and Sons, Inc. Wiley International Edition (1961) 6. Hall L. H. “Group Theory and Symmetry in Chemistry” McGraw-Hill Book Company. (1969) 7. Harvey B. G. “Nuclear Physics and Chemistry” Prentice-Hall, Inc. (19690 8. JR Flurry R. L. “Symmetry Groups: Theory and Chemical Applicationss” Prentice-Hall, Inc. (1980) 9. Kaplan A and Szabo L. L. “Clinical Chemistry: Interpretation and Techniques” Lea and Febiger. (1983) 10. Katakis D., Gordon G. “Mechanisms of Inorganic Reactions” John Wiley and Sons. (1987) 11. Naqvi I. I. “Radiochemistry” University Grants Commission. (1990) 12. Schrauzer G. N. “Transition Metals in Homogeneous Catalysis” Marcel Dekker, Inc. (1971) 13. Smart L. and Moore E. “Solid State Chemistry: An Introduction” Chapman and Hall. (1992) 4th Year: SPECIALIZATION IN ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Semester-VII Any two of the following courses can be taken: Note: Any additional papers may be added according to availability of experts. Paper I - Structure Elucidation of Natural Products Chemical methods Spectroscopic methods involving IR, UV, NMR, and Mass Spectroscopy Paper II - Organic Synthesis Organic Synthetic Reactions involving C-C, C-N, C-O Bonds. Oxidation and Reduction Protective Groups Note: These courses can be substituted with any of the following: Natural Products Terpenoids Alkaloids Steroids Antibiotics 4th Board of Studies DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY 24th May Paper III - Reaction Mechanism Determination of organic reaction mechanisms by kinetic and non-kinetic methods. Reactive Intermediates Molecular Rearrangements Organic Polymers Synthetic Polymers, Bio-Polymers Practicals: The experiments may be set making use of the following instruments depending upon their Availability. Instruments: UV/Visible spectrophotometers Gas chromatography HPLC Infrared spectrophotometers Mass spectrometers NMR Experiments: Multi-step synthesis of organic compounds (10 Compounds) Analysis of commercial drugs (10 Drugs) Qualitative and preparative chromatography Semester-VIII Paper I - Heterocyclic Chemistry Paper II - Synthetic Applications of Name Reactions Note: These courses can be substituted with any of the following: Reactive Intermediates Chemistry and synthetic application of: carbenes, nitrenes, ketenes, free radicals, carbonium ions and carbanion Paper III – Chemistry and Biosynthesis of Secondary Metabolites: Terpens, Steroids, Alkaloids, Antibiotia. Applications of Computational Chemistry Research Project, applied or academic in nature may be allocated. Practicals / Research
4th Board of Studies DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY 24th May Books Recommended: 1. McMurry.J, “Organic Chemistry” Thomson Asia Pte Ltd, Singapore, Fifth Edition (2000). 2. Morrison.R.T, Boyd.R.N, “Organic Chemistry” Prentice-Hall, Inc; Sixth Edition (1992). 3. Solomons.T.W.G, Fryhle.C.B, Johnson.R.G, “Study Guide and Solutions Manual to Accompany Organic Chemistry” John Wiley & Sons, Inc; Seventh Edition (2000). 4. March.J, “Advanced Organic Chemistry Reactions, Mechanisms and Structure” John Wiley & Sons, Inc; Fourth Edition (1992) 5. Hornback.J.M, “Organic Chemistry” Brooks/Cole Publishing Company (1998). 6. Pine.S.H, Hendrickson.J.B, Cram.D.J, Hammond.G.S, “Organic Chemistry” McGraw-Hill, Inc; Fourth Edition (1980). 7. Finar.I.L, “Fundamental Principles of Organic Chemistry”Longman, Third Edition, Vol.I (1959). 8. Finar.I.L, “Stereochemistry and the Chemistry of Natural Products, “English Language book Society and Longman Group Ltd; Fifth Edition, Vol.II (1975). 9. Sykes.P, “A Guide Book to Mechanism in Organic Chemistry” Longman Group Ltd. (1986). 10. Warren.S, “Designing Organic Syntheses A Programmed Introduction to the Synthon Approach” John Wiley & Sons,Inc(1980). 11. Norman.R.O.C, “Principles of Organic Synthesis” Chapman and Hall Ltd, Second Edition (1978). 12. Corey.E.J, Cheng.X.M, “The Logical of Chemical Synthesis” Wiley Interscience(1989). 13. Greene.T.W, Nuts.P.G, “Protecting Groups in Organic Synthesis” John Wiley & Sons, Second Edition (1991). 14. Cleyden.J, Greeves.N, Warren.S and Wothers.P, “Organic Chemistry” Oxford University Press (2001). 15. Nizami.S.S, “Reterosynthetic Approach to Organic Synthesis”, Higher Education Commission (2003). 16. Burger. A, “Medicinal Chemistry”, John Wiley & Sons, Inc; Third Edition, Part.I (1970). 17. Warren.S, “Organic Synthesis: The Disconnection Approach”, John Wiley & Sons Ltd (1982). 18. Cordell.G.A, “Introduction to Alkaloids”, John Wiley & Sons,Inc.(1981). 19. Pavia.D.L, Lampman.G.M, Kriz.G.S, “Introduction to Spectroscopy: A Guide for Students of Organic Chemistry” Saunders College Publishing/Holt.Rinehart and Winston (1979). 20. Bender.G.T, “Principles of Chemical Instrumentation”, W.B.Saunders Company (1987). 21. Akitt.J.W, “NMR and Chemistry an Introduction to the Fourier transform multinuclear era”, J.W.Arrowsmith Ltd, Bristol, Second Edition (1983). 22. Macomber.R.S, “NMR Spectroscopy Basic Principles and Applications”, Books for Professionals, Inc (1988). 23. Kemp.W, “NMR in Chemistry A multinuclear Introduction”, The Macmillan Press Ltd. (1986). 24. Silverstein.R.M, Bassler.G.C, Morrill.T.C, “Spectrometric Identification of Organic Compounds”, John Wiley & Sons; Inc; Fourth Edition (1981). 25. Kemp.W, “Organic Spectroscopy”, Macmillan Education Ltd; Third Edition (1991). 4th Board of Studies DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY 24th May
26. Budzikiewicz.H, Djerass.C, Williams.D.H, “Mass Spectrometry of Organic Compounds”, Holden-Day, Inc (1967). 27. Whittaker.D, “Interpreting Organic Spectra”, The Royal Society of Chemistry (2000). 28. Creswell.C.J/Runquist.O.A,Campbell.M.M, “Spectral Analysis of Organic Compounds”, Burgess Publishing Company, Second Edition (1972). 29. Stowell.J.C, “Intermediate Organic Chemistry”, John Wiley & Sons, Inc; Second Edition (1994). SPECIALIZATION IN PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY Semester VII Quantum Chemistry Operators and their properties. Angular momentum. Central field problem. Hydrogen-like atoms. Approximate methods. Perturbation methods and variations principle. Valence bond and molecular orbital theories. pi-electron calculations. Molecular Spectroscopy Interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter. Microwave, Infrared and Raman spectroscopy. Symmetry properties of molecules. Electronic spectra of simple molecules. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Solid State Chemistry Intermolecular forces. Symmetry of condensed systems. Properties of solids (electrical, mechanical and optical). Lattice defects, dopping for defects. Electron-gas model, heat capacity paradox, electrical conductivity. Band theory of metallic state. Conductors semiconductors and insulators. Controlled valency and hopping phenomena, p & n-type conductivity, p,n-junctions. Solid state reactions. Developments in superconductivity. Practicals : The experiments may be set making use of the following instruments depending upon their availability, special experiments may also be designed for which a specimen list of instruments is given below. For the innovative designing of experiments the Journal of Chemical Education may be consulted. Instruments: UV/Visible spectrophotometers pH-meters Conductivity bridge Gas chromatography HPLC Atomic absorption spectrophotometer Infrared spectrophotometers Dipole meters Electrogravimetric apparatus Light Scatttering Instruments Stopped flow spectrophotometers 4th Board of Studies DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY 24th May Experiments: Determination of partial molar quantities Determination of free energy changes, standard free energies. Verification of Kohlrausch law. Study of temperature dependence of electrode potentials Determination of heat of solution, ionic reactions and other experiments from thermochemistry Study of multistep reactions Evaluation of energy of activation Sugar analysis and inversion studies by polarimetry Study of isotherms and experiments of surface chemistry Determination of molecular weight of a polymer by viscosity method Precipitation value of electrolytes Measurement of IR spectra of simple compound and their interpretation Measurement of cyclic voltammogram of an organic compound and its interpretation Determination of dipole moment of an organic liquid Determination of percentage composition of KMnO4 / K2Cr2O7 in a given solution by spectrophotometry Stoichiometry of a complex in solution by Job’s method Evaluation of pKa value of an indicator by spectrometric method Semester-VIII Surface and Catalytic Chemistry Solids surfaces. Gas solid interface. Thermodynamics of adsorption. Heterogeneous catalysis. Kinetics and mechanisms of catalyzed reactions. Adsorption at liquid surfaces. Enzymatic catalysis. Organized molecular assemblies. Colloidal solutions. Catalyst preparation methods. Industrial catalysts. Polymer Chemistry Definition and classification of polymers. Polymerization and co-polymerization. Polymer solution. Polymer characterization: structure property relationship. Elastomers, plastics, fibers, blends and alloys. Chemical Kinetics Advanced theories of unimolecular reactions. Chain and non-chain complex reactions. Fast reactions, experimental techniques for measurement of fast reaction kinetics. Kinetics of catalyized reaction. Potential energy surfaces. Solar reactions. Statistical Thermodynamics Description of various systems. Concepts of states, accessible states and distribution. Probability concepts. Maxwell-Boltzmann’s statistics for the systems of independent particles. Partition functions. Statistical thermodynamics. Applications to equilibrium and chemical kinetics. Bose-Einstein’s and Fermi- Dirac’s statistics. 4th Board of Studies DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY 24th May Nuclear Chemistry Nuclear systematic. Sources of nuclear instability. Nuclear energetics. Nuclear models: shell model, liquid drop model. Nuclear reactions. Fission and fusion. Photochemical reactions Photochemical reactions in gas phase and in solutions. Quantum yield, flash photolysis. Advanced approach to kinetics of photochemical reactions. Theories of Electrolytes: Interfacial phenomena. Electrode kinetics. Mechanisms of electrode reactions. Cyclic voltammetry and its applications. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy.
Recommended Books: 1. Albery J., Electrode Kinetics, Clarendon, Oxford, 1975. 2. Asperger S., “Chemical Kinetics and Inorganic Reaction Mechanisms” 2nd Ed., Springer Verlag (2003). 3. Aston J.G. and Fritz J.J, “Thermodynamics and Statistical Thermodynamics” New York, John-Wiley (1959). 4. Aziz F. and Rodgers M. A.J., “Radiation Chemistry Principles and Application” Ed., VCH Publishers, Inc, (1987). 5. Banwell C.N., Fundamentals of Molecular Spectroscopy” 3rd Ed., , New Delhi, 6. Bard A. and Faukner L. R, “Electrochemical Methods, Fundamentals and Application” John Wiley, New York. (latest available edition). 7. Barrow G.M., “Introduction to Molecular Spectroscopy,” New York, McGraw- Hill (1962). 8. Becker E.D., “High Resolution NMR; Theory & Chemical Application”, New York, Academic Press (1980). 9. Bible R. H., Jr., "Interpretation of NMR Spectra: An Empirical Approach," Plenum Press, New York, (1965). 10. Bond G.C “Heterogeneous Catalysis” 2nd Ed., , Clarendon Press. Oxford (1987). 11. Cassidy H.G., “Fundamentals of Chromatography”. Interscience Publishers New York, 1957. 12. Engel, Thomas and Philip Reid, “Thermodynamics, Statistical Thermodynamics”, and Kinetics 1st Ed., Benjamin Cummings, (2006). 13. Espenson, J. H. Chemical Kinetics and Reaction Mechanism “2nd Ed., McGraw Hill London (2002) 14. Flory, “Principle of Polymer Chemistry” Cornell (1953). 15. Fried J.R. “Polymer Science and Technology”. Prenitce Hall 1995. 16. Friedlander G. and Kennedy J.W “Nuclear and Radiochemistry”, 3rd Ed. John Wiley & Sons, New York (1981). 17. Graybal J.D., “Molecular Spectroscopy,”, New York, McGraw-Hill(1988) 18. Gregory R. Choppin and Jan Rayberg “Nuclear Chemistry Theory and Applications”, 1st Ed., Pergaman Press, Oxford. New York (1998). 19. Griffiths, David J., “ Introduction to Quantum Mechanics” 2nd Ed., Prentice Hall (2004) 4th Board of Studies DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY 24th May
20. Hayward, David O., “Quantum Mechanics for Chemists” 1st Ed., John Wiley
21. Hiemenzt P.C., and Rajagopalan, “Principles of Colloid & Surface
Chemistry,” 3rd Ed., Marcel Dekker, New York, (1997).
22. Hill T.L., “Statistical Mechanics, , New York, McGraw-Hill (1956). 23. House, James E., “Fundamentals of Quantum Mechanics” 2nd Ed.,
24. I.I Naqvi “Electrochemistry” Higher Education Commission (In Press) 25. J.H Espenson “Chemical Kinetics and Reaction Mechanisms”, 2nd Ed.
26. Kemp, W., “NMR Chemistry: A Multinuclear Introduction’, London,
27. Lajunen L.H.J., "Spectrochemical Analysis by Atomic Absorption and
Emission" Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, 1992.
28. Malcolm, P. S., “Polymer Chemistry” Oxford University Press (2005). 29. Mandelkern “ An Introduction to Macromolecules”, 2nd, Springer (1983). 30. Mathews F.L. and Rawlings R.D, “Composite Materials: Engineering and
31. Micheal, J. P., “Reaction Kinetics” Oxford University Press (2005).
32. Mohammad and Amjad. ‘Principles of Electrode Kinetics” Roohi Printers,
Lahore. 33. N. Davidson “Statistical Mechanics, New York, McGraw-Hill (1962). 34. Pople C.P., “Electron Spin Resonance”, John Wiley New York (1967). 35. Ravue, “Principles of Polymer Chemistry”. 2nd Ed. Plenum Publishers. (2000) 36. Skoog D.A., West D.D., and Holler F.J., “Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry” 6th Ed., Saunders College Publishing, 1992. 37. Spinks J.W.T., and Woods R.J., “An Introduction to Radio Chemistry” by 2nd Ed., John Wiley, New York (1976). 38. Stock and Rice, “Chromatographic Methods”, Chapman and Hall, (1967). 39. F.W Billmeyer, Jr “Textbook of Polymer Science “, John Wiley & Sons 1994. 40. Wallace S. and Brey JR., “Physical Method For Determining Molecular Geometry” 41. Wayne R. P. “Principles and Applications of Photochemistry”, University Press Oxford London (1988). 42. West A.R., “Solid State Chemistry”, J. Wiley, New York (1989)
Oral Agents for the Treatment of Premature Ejaculation: Review of Efficacy and Safety in the Context of the Recent International Society for Sexual Medicine Criteria for Lifelong Premature Ejaculationjsm_23862707.2725 Chris G. McMahon, MBBS, FAChSHM* and Hartmut Porst, MD†*Australian Centre for Sexual Health, St. Leonards, NSW, Australia; †Private Urology and Andrology Practice andHospital
tional specification of ventricular myosininducible expression in cultured neonatallight chain 2 expression in the primitivemurine heart tube. Proc Natl Acad Sci USAZou Y, Chien KR: 1995. EFIA/YB-1 is a com-Zammit PS, Kelly RG, Franco D, et al.: 2000. and positively regulates transcription ofSuppression of atrial myosin gene expres-the myosin light chain-2 v gene. Mol Cellventricular spec