McREL: Mid-continent Research for Education and Learning, Content Knowledge Stand. Contact Us FREE-SOURCES McREL STORE Products & Services Quick Links News Room Browse | Search | Lesson Plans | Products, consulting Training & workshops Purpose | History | Process | Acknowledgment | Reference List of Benchmarks for Science Standard 3. Understands the composition and structure of the universe and the Earth's place in it Level Pre-K (Grades Pre-K)
Knows vocabulary (e.g., clouds, Sun, moon) used to describe major features of the sky
Level I (Grades K-2)
1. Knows basic patterns of the Sun and Moon (e.g., the Sun appears every day and the Moon appears
sometimes at night and sometimes during the day; the Sun and Moon appear to move from east to west
across the sky; the Moon appears to change shape over the course of a month; the Sun’s position in the sky changes through the seasons) A
Knows that the stars are innumerable, unevenly dispersed, and of unequal brightness
Level II (Grades 3-5)
Knows that night and day are caused by the Earth’s rotation on its axis
Knows that the Earth is one of several planets that orbit the Sun and that the Moon orbits the Earth A
3. Knows that the patterns of stars in the sky stay the same, although they appear to slowly move from east to
west across the sky nightly and different stars can be seen in different seasons
Knows that planets look like stars, but over time they appear to wander among the constellations
5. Knows that astronomical objects in space are massive in size and are separated from one another by vast
distances (e.g., many stars are more massive than our Sun but so distant they look like points of light) A
6. Knows that telescopes magnify distant objects in the sky (e.g., the Moon, planets) and dramatically increase
Level III (Grades 6-8)
1. Knows characteristics and movement patterns of the planets in our Solar System (e.g., planets differ in size,
composition, and surface features; planets move around the Sun in elliptical orbits; some planets have moons, rings of particles, and other satellites orbiting them) A
2. Knows how the regular and predictable motions of the Earth and Moon explain phenomena on Earth (e.g.,
the day, the year, phases of the Moon, eclipses, tides, shadows) A
3. Knows characteristics of the Sun and its position in the universe (e.g., the Sun is a medium-sized star; it is
the closest star to Earth; it is the central and largest body in the Solar System; it is located at the edge of a disk-shaped galaxy) A
Knows that gravitational force keeps planets in orbit around the Sun and moons in orbit around the planets
Knows characteristics and movement patterns of asteroids, comets, and meteors A
6. Knows that the universe consists of many billions of galaxies (each containing many billions of stars) and
that incomprehensible distances (measured in light years) separate these galaxies and stars from one another and from the Earth
7. Knows that the Earth is distinguished from other known celestial bodies in that it is the only planet known to
harbor life although similar planets might yet be discovered in the universe
http://www.mcrel.org/compendium/standardDetails.asp?subjectID=2&standardID=3
McREL: Mid-continent Research for Education and Learning, Content Knowledge Stand. Level IV (Grades 9-12)
1. Knows that although the origin of the universe remains one of the greatest questions in science, current
scientific evidence supports the Big Bang theory, which states that between 10 and 20 billion years ago, the
entire contents of the universe expanded explosively into existence from a single, hot, dense chaotic mass; our Solar System formed from a nebular cloud of dust and gas about 4.6 billion years ago
2. Knows that evidence suggests that our universe is expanding (e.g., the Doppler shift of light from distant
galaxies reaching telescopes on Earth suggests that galaxies are moving away from the Earth and provides support for the Big Bang theory of the origin of the universe) A
3. Knows the ongoing processes involved in star formation and destruction (e.g., stars condense by gravity out
of clouds of molecules of the lightest elements; nuclear fusion of light elements into heavier ones occurs in
the stars’ extremely hot, dense cores, releasing great amounts of energy; some stars eventually explode, producing clouds of material from which new stars and planets condense) A
4. Knows common characteristics of stars in the universe (e.g., types of stars include red and blue giants, white
dwarfs, neutron stars; stars differ in size, temperature, and age, but they all appear to be made up of the
same elements and to behave according to the same principles; most stars exist in systems of two or more stars orbiting around a common point) A
5. Knows ways in which technology has increased our understanding of the universe (e.g., visual, radio, and x-
ray telescopes collect information about the universe from electromagnetic waves; space probes gather
information from distant parts of the Solar System; mathematical models and computer simulations are used to study evidence from many sources in order to form a scientific account of events in the universe)
http://www.mcrel.org/compendium/standardDetails.asp?subjectID=2&standardID=3
streptococcus zooepidemicus の人への感染について Entrez PubMed（www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov）の文献より抜粋しご紹介します。Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 1998 Apr;17(4):290-1. Septicemia and meningitis due to Streptococcus zooepidemicus. Ferrandière M, Cattier B, Dequin PF, Hazouard E, Legras A, Perrotin D. Medical Intensive Care Unit, Bretonneau University Hospital, Tou
Copyright 2002 The New York Times CompanyMay 5, 2002, Sunday, Late Edition - FinalSECTION: Section 6; Page 56; Column 1; Magazinemember of our species to show where this kind of analysisBut the enalapril researchers were doing somethinguseful. Their study informed thousands of doctors that,when it came to their black patients, one drug was moreHEADLINE: I Am a Racially Profiling Doctorlikel
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