Prepared by MN Dept of Health, MN Diabetes Steering Committee (MDSC) workgroup and University of Minnesota Pediatric Endocrinology
ALGORITHM FOR PREDIABETES & TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS (T2DM) IDENTIFICATION & INTERVENTION FOR YOUTH (AGE 10-17 YEARS or PERIPUBERTAL)
BMI ≥ 85th percentile and/or Waist Circumference > 90th % for age AND
l Evidence for insulin resistance and/or metabolic syndrome*
m Acanthosis Nigricans m Polycystic ovary syndromem Hypertension (>95th % for age, gender and height OR > 130/85)*m HDL <40 mg/dL*m Triglyceride >150 mg/dL*
l Family history of diabetes in 1st or 2nd degree relativel Latino, Black, Native American, Asian, Pacific Islanderl Child’s birth mother has diabetes or history of Gestational Diabetes Mellitusl Child born small or large for gestational age
1) Perform Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) or
2) Hemoglobin A1c (A1c) (see back for guidelines)
Patient has Prediabetes * Patient has T2DM*
l Consider Performing Oral Glucose Tolerance Test and/or consulting with pediatric endocrinologist
l Provide counseling on lifestyle changes (outlined on back)
l Maintain weight for child during growth years
l Simple diet changes (outlined on back). Refer to RD for medical nutrition
l Simple activity changes: Goal to reach 60 minutes/day for child and adult
family members 150 minutes/week. (outlined on back)
l Actively refer to structured community programs, if available.
l (Metformin ± insulin)l Consult with pediatric
l Give positive feedback. l Re-test FPG and HbA1c
Consider starting Metformin. See dosage recommendations on back
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION METFORMIN: Starting dosage 500 mg QD with food. Increase dose every 1-2 weeks, to achieve clinically effective
dose of 1000-2000 mg/day, based on tolerability. Consider use of Extended Release formulation if patient
experiencing significant side effects. Follow-up: Every 1-3 months. Do not use in patients with underlying kidney
disease. Consideration of Metformin use in overweight adolescents not meeting criteria for T2DM is off-label and based on limited published data and consensus of MN diabetes steering committee.Prediabetes and Diabetes: Screening and Diagnosis
The current recommended diagnostic test to identify children with pre-diabetes to receive lifestyle interventions
is either A1c or FPG. A1C is a measure of long-term blood glucose control and is used to monitor the effectiveness
of therapy and risk for complications in persons with diagnosed diabetes. However, an A1c of ≥ 5.7 % may help
identify an additional at risk group of children. An A1c ≥ 6.5% performed in a laboratory using standardized
methods is now considered a criteria for diagnosis of diabetes. An oral glucose tolerance test may define impaired
glucose tolerance or diabetes and should be considered in children with impaired fasting glucose or an A1c in
prediabetes range. To calculate risk factors for BMI and blood pressure calculations refer to:
http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/hypertension/child_tbl.htm (blood pressure)
Prediabetes and Diabetes: Recommended Lifestyle Changes for Entire Family Simple Diet Changes
l Become a label reader and limit portion sizes; observe serving size and calories per servingl Limit snacks to 1 serving size; try fresh fruits and vegetables for snacks 2-3 days per week l Eat less processed and high fat foods; limit fast food and restaurant eating to <1-2 meals per monthl Switch to 1% or skim milkl Encourage water consumption; eliminate carbohydrate containing beverages (pop, sweetened tea, energy
l Eat breakfast and try not to skip meals
Simple Activity Changes
l Be active together as a family; Eat meals together as a family whenever possiblel Walk and take the stairs; park in distant spots and walk a bit farther when shoppingl Encourage trying new sports or activities that increase physical activityl Limit screen time (TV, computer, video games) to 2 hours or less per dayl Consider referral to community programs at YMCA, YWCA, Park & Recreation Centers
Resources
l NDEP: Tips for Teens: Lower Your Risk for Type 2 Diabetes at http://ndep.nih.gov/teens/index.aspx and
http://ndep.nih.gov/media/kids-tips-lower-risk.pdf
l DHHS: Small Step Kids: http://www.smallstep.gov/ (also in Spanish)l American Dietetic Association: http://www.eatright.org (for additional help with label reading)l Pediatric Obesity Management: http://www.aap.org/obesity/practice_management_resources.html
References
Srinivasan S, et.al. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006; 91:2074-2080. Freemark M, et.al. Pediatrics 2001;107(4):e55; Kay JP et al.
Metabolism 2001;50:1457-61; Love-Osborne K, et.al. J Pediatr 2008; 152: 817-22; American Diabetes Association. Executive
Summary: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes - 2010 Diabetes Care, 2010.33:S11-69; Fernández JR, et.al. J Pediatr
2004;145:439-44. (waist circumference tables); Nathan DM, et.al. Diabetes Care, 2009; 32: 1327-34
Common ICD-9 codes for Diabetes Screening Codes Describing Risk Factors
Use of Bisphosphonates in Multiple Myeloma: For patients achieving less than a very good partial response IMWG Response to Mayo Clinic Consensus Statement and/or those with ongoing active bone disease, further BP use isrecommended. After 2 years, patients without active bone dis- To the Editor : The International Myeloma Working Groupease can discontinue BP use. Because no data indicatin
Spaghetti malfunction A trip to Tuscany proved to me that Italian food is getting better and better. But now I have to face facts: I just can't make pasta The first posh, grown-up food I ever ate was French because, in the 1980s, France was where aspirational British families went on their holidays. In their cars, with maps, green Michelin guides and plenty of soluble aspirin (to be